一些古兽论文上传及交流（全英文版）
LIGHT AND SHADOWS IN THE EVOLUTION OF SOUTH EUROPEAN STENONOIDHORSES
http://fi.nm.cz/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/6_PalomboFIN_final.pdf
Abstract: The appearance of monodactyl equids in Eurasia and their dispersal towards South Europe is a significant event thatmarks the beginning of the Quaternary period. During the Pleistocene, horses were a common element in most European largemammal faunal assemblages, providing important palaeoecological clues, but their taxonomy, nomenclature and phylogeny, aswell as their actual biochronological significance have been widely debated by scholars. The evolutionary history of horses hereregarded as “stenonoid” (Equus livenzovensis, Equus stenonis, Equus ex gr. E. senezensis, Equus altidens, Equus hydruntinus,the large-sized horses Equus major and Equus suessenbornensis, sometimes referred to as the so-called “Equus bressanus-Equussuessenbornensis group”), is one of the most intriguing. This study, mainly focusing on the South European representatives ofthis group, aims to highlight and discuss the major debated issues, re-examining the taxonomy of some Early and early MiddlePleistocene horses. Alternative phylogenetic hypotheses will also be discussed with the aim of providing new clues on thechronology and palaeoecology of some key species/samples
http://fi.nm.cz/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/6_PalomboFIN_final.pdf
Abstract: The appearance of monodactyl equids in Eurasia and their dispersal towards South Europe is a significant event thatmarks the beginning of the Quaternary period. During the Pleistocene, horses were a common element in most European largemammal faunal assemblages, providing important palaeoecological clues, but their taxonomy, nomenclature and phylogeny, aswell as their actual biochronological significance have been widely debated by scholars. The evolutionary history of horses hereregarded as “stenonoid” (Equus livenzovensis, Equus stenonis, Equus ex gr. E. senezensis, Equus altidens, Equus hydruntinus,the large-sized horses Equus major and Equus suessenbornensis, sometimes referred to as the so-called “Equus bressanus-Equussuessenbornensis group”), is one of the most intriguing. This study, mainly focusing on the South European representatives ofthis group, aims to highlight and discuss the major debated issues, re-examining the taxonomy of some Early and early MiddlePleistocene horses. Alternative phylogenetic hypotheses will also be discussed with the aim of providing new clues on thechronology and palaeoecology of some key species/samples
CRICETIDAE (RODENTIA, MAMMALIA) FROM THE EARLY MIOCENE SITE OF ELSCASOTS (VALLÈS-PENEDÈS BASIN, CATALONIA)
http://fi.nm.cz/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/7_Jovells_final.pdf
Abstract: Els Casots is an extremely rich early Miocene site located in the Vallès-Penedès Basin (Catalonia, Spain) that hasprovided both micro- and macrovertebrates. However, the small mammals have been poorly studied. In this work we describethe cricetid fauna from els Casots and provide further insights into the chronology of the site. The cricetids are very common andinclude the species Megacricetodon primitivus and Democricetodon hispanicus. A second, larger-sized Democricetodon speciesis also represented by just one molar. The presence of M. primitivus together with the eomyid Ligerimys ellipticus indicatesa correlation to zone MN 4 and to the local zone C of the Calatayud-Montalbán Basin (Aragón, east-central Spain), the type areaof the Aragonian mammal age. This is further supported by the presence of two different Democricetodon species. A correlationto the local subzones of that area is attempted, but unfortunately the cricetid succession is not the same in both basins. However,the fact that L. ellipticus is the only eomyid species present at els Casots would indicate that this site is somewhat younger thanother MN 4 localities from the Vallès-Penedès, where this species coexists with its ancestor Ligerimys florancei
http://fi.nm.cz/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/7_Jovells_final.pdf
Abstract: Els Casots is an extremely rich early Miocene site located in the Vallès-Penedès Basin (Catalonia, Spain) that hasprovided both micro- and macrovertebrates. However, the small mammals have been poorly studied. In this work we describethe cricetid fauna from els Casots and provide further insights into the chronology of the site. The cricetids are very common andinclude the species Megacricetodon primitivus and Democricetodon hispanicus. A second, larger-sized Democricetodon speciesis also represented by just one molar. The presence of M. primitivus together with the eomyid Ligerimys ellipticus indicatesa correlation to zone MN 4 and to the local zone C of the Calatayud-Montalbán Basin (Aragón, east-central Spain), the type areaof the Aragonian mammal age. This is further supported by the presence of two different Democricetodon species. A correlationto the local subzones of that area is attempted, but unfortunately the cricetid succession is not the same in both basins. However,the fact that L. ellipticus is the only eomyid species present at els Casots would indicate that this site is somewhat younger thanother MN 4 localities from the Vallès-Penedès, where this species coexists with its ancestor Ligerimys florancei
ARSINOITHERIUM (EMBRITHOPODA) AND OTHER LARGE MAMMALS AND PLANTSFROM THE OLIGOCENE OF TUNISIA
http://fi.nm.cz/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/9_Pickford_final.pdf
Abstract: Palaeogene large mammals are poorly represented in Tunisia, in contrast to Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Egypt,where abundant and diverse faunas are known. Oligocene proboscideans have been recorded from four localities in Tunisia(Djebel Bou Gobrine, Oued Bazina, Bled Mellaha and Djebel Touila) but little else from this period is known from the country.For this reason it is worth recording the discovery of an arsinoithere tooth fragment from the divide between Oued Chericheraand Oued Grigema, Central Tunisia. This discovery confirms the presence of continental Oligocene strata in the region, andthe palaeodistribution of Arsinoitherium 1,300 km to the north-northwest of its previously established range. Arsinoitheres arenow known to have been widespread throughout the Afro-Arabian continent. Although palaeoclimatic data for the Oligoceneof Tunisia is still scarce, fossil plants suggest that, during the Oligocene, the country enjoyed a tropical to sub-tropical humidclimate, in accordance with the presence of Arsinoitherium, Phiomia and an anthracothere, taxa that are also present in theclassic Fayum faunas of Egypt and the Ashawq faunas of Oman.
http://fi.nm.cz/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/9_Pickford_final.pdf
Abstract: Palaeogene large mammals are poorly represented in Tunisia, in contrast to Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Egypt,where abundant and diverse faunas are known. Oligocene proboscideans have been recorded from four localities in Tunisia(Djebel Bou Gobrine, Oued Bazina, Bled Mellaha and Djebel Touila) but little else from this period is known from the country.For this reason it is worth recording the discovery of an arsinoithere tooth fragment from the divide between Oued Chericheraand Oued Grigema, Central Tunisia. This discovery confirms the presence of continental Oligocene strata in the region, andthe palaeodistribution of Arsinoitherium 1,300 km to the north-northwest of its previously established range. Arsinoitheres arenow known to have been widespread throughout the Afro-Arabian continent. Although palaeoclimatic data for the Oligoceneof Tunisia is still scarce, fossil plants suggest that, during the Oligocene, the country enjoyed a tropical to sub-tropical humidclimate, in accordance with the presence of Arsinoitherium, Phiomia and an anthracothere, taxa that are also present in theclassic Fayum faunas of Egypt and the Ashawq faunas of Oman.
内蒙古化德土城子地点晚中新世鹿科化石新材料
http://www.ivpp.ac.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/pressonline/201708/t20170823_4851014.html
摘要：继1959年中苏古生物联合考察队在内蒙古化德地区发掘采集到大量晚中新世哺乳动物化石后，笔者的课题组于2013~2016年间在化德的土城子地点发掘采集到不少哺乳动物化石。经过修理和研究，鉴定出鹿科化石的5个种类：布氏始柱角鹿(Eostyloceros blainvillei), 三角始柱角鹿(E. triangularis), 真角鹿未定种(Euprox sp.), 化德祖鹿(Cervavitus huadeensis)和山西祖鹿(C. shanxius)。其中前3个种类是在化德地区首次发现，而后两个种的牙齿材料也是在土城子地点首次记述。布氏始柱角鹿是一种较大的麂类，以其鹿角具一个粗长而内弯的主枝及一个直接从角环上伸出的较长的眉枝为特征，以前主要发现于山西的榆社盆地，在青海柴达木盆地也找到过，而化德是出现这个种类的第三个地区。三角始柱角鹿以其主枝横切面呈三角形而与布氏始柱角鹿相区别，以前仅见于榆社盆地，因此新发现的三角始柱角鹿将其地理分布范围扩大到内蒙古。真角鹿是从非脱换型鹿角向季节性脱换型鹿角过渡的代表，在欧亚大陆都有分布，化德是继通古尔和四子王旗之后在内蒙古发现这个属的第三个地区。化德祖鹿的鹿角具有4个枝，远端两个枝剑形，在土城子地点是第二次发现，但目前尚未在其他地区发现过，似乎是化德一带的地方种类。山西祖鹿以其下臼齿不具古鹿褶而与新罗斯祖鹿(Cervavitus novorossiae)相区别。山西祖鹿在中国北方的分布较广，主要见于山西、陕西、甘肃和内蒙古，而且在每个地点的化石标本较多，指示其种群密度较大。布氏始柱角鹿、三角始柱角鹿和山西祖鹿是榆社盆地中榆社I带的主要鹿科成员，出现在岩石地层的马会组或生物年代学的保德期。真角鹿的时代分布主要在晚中新世。因此根据土城子地点的鹿科化石判断其地质时代应为晚中新世，而较多的山西祖鹿标本指示化德一带在晚中新世有较广的森林。
http://www.ivpp.ac.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/pressonline/201708/t20170823_4851014.html
摘要：继1959年中苏古生物联合考察队在内蒙古化德地区发掘采集到大量晚中新世哺乳动物化石后，笔者的课题组于2013~2016年间在化德的土城子地点发掘采集到不少哺乳动物化石。经过修理和研究，鉴定出鹿科化石的5个种类：布氏始柱角鹿(Eostyloceros blainvillei), 三角始柱角鹿(E. triangularis), 真角鹿未定种(Euprox sp.), 化德祖鹿(Cervavitus huadeensis)和山西祖鹿(C. shanxius)。其中前3个种类是在化德地区首次发现，而后两个种的牙齿材料也是在土城子地点首次记述。布氏始柱角鹿是一种较大的麂类，以其鹿角具一个粗长而内弯的主枝及一个直接从角环上伸出的较长的眉枝为特征，以前主要发现于山西的榆社盆地，在青海柴达木盆地也找到过，而化德是出现这个种类的第三个地区。三角始柱角鹿以其主枝横切面呈三角形而与布氏始柱角鹿相区别，以前仅见于榆社盆地，因此新发现的三角始柱角鹿将其地理分布范围扩大到内蒙古。真角鹿是从非脱换型鹿角向季节性脱换型鹿角过渡的代表，在欧亚大陆都有分布，化德是继通古尔和四子王旗之后在内蒙古发现这个属的第三个地区。化德祖鹿的鹿角具有4个枝，远端两个枝剑形，在土城子地点是第二次发现，但目前尚未在其他地区发现过，似乎是化德一带的地方种类。山西祖鹿以其下臼齿不具古鹿褶而与新罗斯祖鹿(Cervavitus novorossiae)相区别。山西祖鹿在中国北方的分布较广，主要见于山西、陕西、甘肃和内蒙古，而且在每个地点的化石标本较多，指示其种群密度较大。布氏始柱角鹿、三角始柱角鹿和山西祖鹿是榆社盆地中榆社I带的主要鹿科成员，出现在岩石地层的马会组或生物年代学的保德期。真角鹿的时代分布主要在晚中新世。因此根据土城子地点的鹿科化石判断其地质时代应为晚中新世，而较多的山西祖鹿标本指示化德一带在晚中新世有较广的森林。
A new species of Paramachaerodus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) from the late Miocene of China and Bulgaria, and revision of Promegantereon Kretzoi, 1938 and Paramachaerodus Pilgrim, 1913
https://pan.baidu.com/s/1nvtBdl3
Abstract New Machairodontinae material from the lateMiocene localities of Hezheng (China) and Hadjidimovo(Bulgaria) represents a new species of ParamachaerodusPilgrim. Both localities are similar in age and suggest thatthe new species had a very large geographic rangeextending from northwestern China adjacent to the TibetanPlateau (Gansu Province) to southeastern Europe or probablyto all of southern Europe. The new species—Paramachaerodustransasiaticus sp. nov is characterized by acombination of features of ‘‘Promegantereon’’ and Paramachaerodus.This specific morphology, as well as the ageof the Hezheng and Hadjidimovo (early Turolian, after theEuropean Land Mammal Ages) put the new species inintermediary position between ‘‘Promegantereon’’ andParamachaerodus. The new felid material give grounds todiscuss and revise in a new light the systematic and evolutionof the ‘‘Promegantereon’’–Paramachaerodus lineage,which should represent successive stages of one andthe same genus: Paramachaerodus Pilgrim
https://pan.baidu.com/s/1nvtBdl3
Abstract New Machairodontinae material from the lateMiocene localities of Hezheng (China) and Hadjidimovo(Bulgaria) represents a new species of ParamachaerodusPilgrim. Both localities are similar in age and suggest thatthe new species had a very large geographic rangeextending from northwestern China adjacent to the TibetanPlateau (Gansu Province) to southeastern Europe or probablyto all of southern Europe. The new species—Paramachaerodustransasiaticus sp. nov is characterized by acombination of features of ‘‘Promegantereon’’ and Paramachaerodus.This specific morphology, as well as the ageof the Hezheng and Hadjidimovo (early Turolian, after theEuropean Land Mammal Ages) put the new species inintermediary position between ‘‘Promegantereon’’ andParamachaerodus. The new felid material give grounds todiscuss and revise in a new light the systematic and evolutionof the ‘‘Promegantereon’’–Paramachaerodus lineage,which should represent successive stages of one andthe same genus: Paramachaerodus Pilgrim
The Concept of a Pedolateral Pes Revisited The Giant Sloths Megatherium and Eremotherium (Xenarthra Folivora Megatheriinae) as a Case Study
https://pan.baidu.com/s/1dF90365
The concept of a pedolateral pes in many extinct sloths began effectively with Owen’s mid-nineteenth century descriptions of Glossotherium and Megatherium. Pedolaterality denotes a pes that is habitually inverted, with the digital plane oriented nearly vertically so that weight is borne largely by the lateral digits (mainly metatarsal V) and the plantar surface faces almost entirely medially. Subsequent researchers were strongly influenced by Owen’s interpretations. Astragalar morphology, with the medial and lateral portions of its trochlea forming, respectively, a peg-shaped odontoid process and a discoid facet, came to be viewed as a proxy for pedolaterality and, eventually, horizontal rotation around a nearly vertical axis as the main movement of the pes. Such motion necessitates a nearly vertical orientation for the odontoid process. However, analysis of the pes of the Pleistocene megatheriines Megatherium andEremotherium, the astragalus of which conforms to the type usually interpreted in the literature as indicative of pedolaterality, suggests that the pes was not strongly inverted. Rather, the digital plane was about 35o to the horizontal plane, so that weight was borne largely by metatarsal V, but also by metatarsal IV and possibly the ungual phalanx of digit III. The astragalus was positioned so that the odontoid process was oriented obliquely to the vertical axis. With this element so positioned, mediolateral rotation in the horizontal plane was minor, and the main movement of the pes produced dorsiflexion and plantar flexion in nearly the parasagittal plane, the usual movement of the pes in terrestrial mammals.
https://pan.baidu.com/s/1dF90365
The concept of a pedolateral pes in many extinct sloths began effectively with Owen’s mid-nineteenth century descriptions of Glossotherium and Megatherium. Pedolaterality denotes a pes that is habitually inverted, with the digital plane oriented nearly vertically so that weight is borne largely by the lateral digits (mainly metatarsal V) and the plantar surface faces almost entirely medially. Subsequent researchers were strongly influenced by Owen’s interpretations. Astragalar morphology, with the medial and lateral portions of its trochlea forming, respectively, a peg-shaped odontoid process and a discoid facet, came to be viewed as a proxy for pedolaterality and, eventually, horizontal rotation around a nearly vertical axis as the main movement of the pes. Such motion necessitates a nearly vertical orientation for the odontoid process. However, analysis of the pes of the Pleistocene megatheriines Megatherium andEremotherium, the astragalus of which conforms to the type usually interpreted in the literature as indicative of pedolaterality, suggests that the pes was not strongly inverted. Rather, the digital plane was about 35o to the horizontal plane, so that weight was borne largely by metatarsal V, but also by metatarsal IV and possibly the ungual phalanx of digit III. The astragalus was positioned so that the odontoid process was oriented obliquely to the vertical axis. With this element so positioned, mediolateral rotation in the horizontal plane was minor, and the main movement of the pes produced dorsiflexion and plantar flexion in nearly the parasagittal plane, the usual movement of the pes in terrestrial mammals.
Comparative anatomy of neonates of the three major
mammalian groups (monotremes, marsupials,
placentals) and implications for the ancestral
mammalian neonate morphotype
Abstract
The existing different modes of reproduction in monotremes, marsupials and placentals are the main source for
our current understanding of the origin and evolution of the mammalian reproduction. The reproductive
strategies and, in particular, the maturity states of the neonates differ remarkably between the three groups.
Monotremes, for example, are the only extant mammals that lay eggs and incubate them for the last third of
their embryonic development. In contrast, marsupials and placentals are viviparous and rely on intra-uterine
development of the neonates via choriovitelline (mainly marsupials) and chorioallantoic (mainly placentals)
placentae. The maturity of a newborn is closely linked to the parental care strategy once the neonate is born.
The varying developmental degrees of neonates are the main focus of this study. Monotremes and marsupials
produce highly altricial and nearly embryonic offspring. Placental mammals always give birth to more
developed newborns with the widest range from altricial to precocial. The ability of a newborn to survive and
grow in the environment it was born in depends highly on the degree of maturation of vital organs at the
time of birth. Here, the anatomy of four neonates of the three major extant mammalian groups is compared.
The basis for this study is histological and ultrastructural serial sections of a hatchling of Ornithorhynchus
anatinus (Monotremata), and neonates of Monodelphis domestica (Marsupialia), Mesocricetus auratus (altricial
Placentalia) and Macroscelides proboscideus (precocial Placentalia). Special attention was given to the
developmental stages of the organs skin, lung, liver and kidney, which are considered crucial for the
maintenance of vital functions. The state of the organs of newborn monotremes and marsupials are found to
be able to support a minimum of vital functions outside the uterus. They are sufficient to survive, but without
capacities for additional energetic challenges. The organs of the altricial placental neonate are further
developed, able to support the maintenance of vital functions and short-term metabolic increase. The precocial
placental newborn shows the most advanced state of organ development, to allow the maintenance of vital
functions, stable thermoregulation and high energetic performance. The ancestral condition of a mammalian
neonate is interpreted to be similar to the state of organ development found in the newborns of marsupials
and monotremes. In comparison, the newborns of altricial and precocial placentals are derived from the
ancestral state to a more mature developmental degree associated with advanced organ systems.
Key words: altricial; evolution; morphology; neonate; precocial; reproduction.
https://pan.baidu.com/s/1eRC6Csa
mammalian groups (monotremes, marsupials,
placentals) and implications for the ancestral
mammalian neonate morphotype
Abstract
The existing different modes of reproduction in monotremes, marsupials and placentals are the main source for
our current understanding of the origin and evolution of the mammalian reproduction. The reproductive
strategies and, in particular, the maturity states of the neonates differ remarkably between the three groups.
Monotremes, for example, are the only extant mammals that lay eggs and incubate them for the last third of
their embryonic development. In contrast, marsupials and placentals are viviparous and rely on intra-uterine
development of the neonates via choriovitelline (mainly marsupials) and chorioallantoic (mainly placentals)
placentae. The maturity of a newborn is closely linked to the parental care strategy once the neonate is born.
The varying developmental degrees of neonates are the main focus of this study. Monotremes and marsupials
produce highly altricial and nearly embryonic offspring. Placental mammals always give birth to more
developed newborns with the widest range from altricial to precocial. The ability of a newborn to survive and
grow in the environment it was born in depends highly on the degree of maturation of vital organs at the
time of birth. Here, the anatomy of four neonates of the three major extant mammalian groups is compared.
The basis for this study is histological and ultrastructural serial sections of a hatchling of Ornithorhynchus
anatinus (Monotremata), and neonates of Monodelphis domestica (Marsupialia), Mesocricetus auratus (altricial
Placentalia) and Macroscelides proboscideus (precocial Placentalia). Special attention was given to the
developmental stages of the organs skin, lung, liver and kidney, which are considered crucial for the
maintenance of vital functions. The state of the organs of newborn monotremes and marsupials are found to
be able to support a minimum of vital functions outside the uterus. They are sufficient to survive, but without
capacities for additional energetic challenges. The organs of the altricial placental neonate are further
developed, able to support the maintenance of vital functions and short-term metabolic increase. The precocial
placental newborn shows the most advanced state of organ development, to allow the maintenance of vital
functions, stable thermoregulation and high energetic performance. The ancestral condition of a mammalian
neonate is interpreted to be similar to the state of organ development found in the newborns of marsupials
and monotremes. In comparison, the newborns of altricial and precocial placentals are derived from the
ancestral state to a more mature developmental degree associated with advanced organ systems.
Key words: altricial; evolution; morphology; neonate; precocial; reproduction.
https://pan.baidu.com/s/1eRC6Csa