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First known complete skulls of the scimitar-toothed cat Machairodus aphanistus (Felidae, Carnivora) from the Spanish late Miocene site of Batallones-1
AbstractWe describe a sample of skulls, mandibles and isolated dentitions of Machairodus aphanistus from the Spanish late Vallesian (late Miocene) site of Batallones-1, near Madrid. This is the first time that the cranial morphology of this species has been seen in detail, and shows that late Vallesian M. aphanistus combined a relatively primitive cranial and mandibular morphology with very specialized upper canines, as flattened as in the later, cranially derived species M. giganteus. Cranio-mandibular adaptations for the canine shear-bite are incipient or non-existent, suggesting that the specialized canines of M. aphanistus were used within the context of a biting mechanism more similar to the canine bite of modern felids. Evolution of more extreme machairodont craniodental features in later members of the homotherin lineage converged with smilodontins but occurred independently of the initial development of derived saber-like canines. The high number of specimens, at least 14 individuals represented, reveals considerable variation in size within the population, with indications of sexual dimorphism in the size of the upper canines. Differences in cranial morphology suggest separation at the generic level between M. aphanistus and M. giganteus.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232687939_First_known_complete_skulls_of_the_scimitar-toothed_cat_Machairodus_aphanistus_Felidae_Carnivora_from_the_Spanish_late_Miocene_site_of_Batallones-1
First known complete skulls of the scimitar-toothed cat Machairodus aphanistus (Felidae, Carnivora) from the Spanish late Miocene site of Batallones-1
AbstractWe describe a sample of skulls, mandibles and isolated dentitions of Machairodus aphanistus from the Spanish late Vallesian (late Miocene) site of Batallones-1, near Madrid. This is the first time that the cranial morphology of this species has been seen in detail, and shows that late Vallesian M. aphanistus combined a relatively primitive cranial and mandibular morphology with very specialized upper canines, as flattened as in the later, cranially derived species M. giganteus. Cranio-mandibular adaptations for the canine shear-bite are incipient or non-existent, suggesting that the specialized canines of M. aphanistus were used within the context of a biting mechanism more similar to the canine bite of modern felids. Evolution of more extreme machairodont craniodental features in later members of the homotherin lineage converged with smilodontins but occurred independently of the initial development of derived saber-like canines. The high number of specimens, at least 14 individuals represented, reveals considerable variation in size within the population, with indications of sexual dimorphism in the size of the upper canines. Differences in cranial morphology suggest separation at the generic level between M. aphanistus and M. giganteus.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232687939_First_known_complete_skulls_of_the_scimitar-toothed_cat_Machairodus_aphanistus_Felidae_Carnivora_from_the_Spanish_late_Miocene_site_of_Batallones-1
A new species of Machairodus from the late Miocene Kalmakpai locality in eastern Kazakhstan (USSR)
http://quarter.ginras.ru/personal/sotnikova/docs/Sotnikova_1992.pdf
http://quarter.ginras.ru/personal/sotnikova/docs/Sotnikova_1992.pdf
Note on an Occurrence of Machairodus in Korea
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab1912/10/8/10_8_490/_pdf
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab1912/10/8/10_8_490/_pdf
New dental remains of Machairodus Kaup 1833 (Felidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Turolian of Ukraine: significance for the evolution of the genus. Kaupia
AbstractNew dental remains of Machairodus KAUP, from Turolian localities of Ukraine are described. While specimens from Novoukrainka (late MN) are very derived and resemble later records from Belka (late MN ) and Cherevichnoe (MN ), the remains from Novaja Emetovka (early MN ) are more plesiomorphic. Previous taxonomy would place these latter specimens in M. aphanistus (KAUP, ), a speciesformerly considered to be present from MN–MN only, while all other specimens would be assigned toAmphimachairodus giganteus (WAGNER, ), formerly considered to be present in MN –MN only.As confirmed by the present material, however, both taxa are not as stratigraphically distinct as previouslythought. Moreover, the Ukrainian record provides new evidence for a gradual and mosaic morphologicalevolution from M. aphanistus to A.giganteus which is not strictly correlated to cheek tooth size. Consequently,we consider Amphimachairodus to be a junior subjective synonym of Machairodus. For reasons of taxonomicstability we retain both species names even though they belong to a single evolutionary lineage.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233791377_New_dental_remains_of_Machairodus_KAUP_1833_Felidae_Carnivora_Mammalia_from_the_Turolian_of_Ukraine
AbstractNew dental remains of Machairodus KAUP, from Turolian localities of Ukraine are described. While specimens from Novoukrainka (late MN) are very derived and resemble later records from Belka (late MN ) and Cherevichnoe (MN ), the remains from Novaja Emetovka (early MN ) are more plesiomorphic. Previous taxonomy would place these latter specimens in M. aphanistus (KAUP, ), a speciesformerly considered to be present from MN–MN only, while all other specimens would be assigned toAmphimachairodus giganteus (WAGNER, ), formerly considered to be present in MN –MN only.As confirmed by the present material, however, both taxa are not as stratigraphically distinct as previouslythought. Moreover, the Ukrainian record provides new evidence for a gradual and mosaic morphologicalevolution from M. aphanistus to A.giganteus which is not strictly correlated to cheek tooth size. Consequently,we consider Amphimachairodus to be a junior subjective synonym of Machairodus. For reasons of taxonomicstability we retain both species names even though they belong to a single evolutionary lineage.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233791377_New_dental_remains_of_Machairodus_KAUP_1833_Felidae_Carnivora_Mammalia_from_the_Turolian_of_Ukraine
Machairodont adaptations and affinities of the Holarctic late Miocene homotherin Machairodus(Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae): the case of Machairodus catocopis Cope, 1887
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256400013_Machairodont_Adaptations_and_Affinities_of_the_Holarctic_Late_Miocene_Homotherin_Machairodus_Mammalia_Carnivora_Felidae_The_Case_of_Machairodus_Catocopis_Cope_1887
The craniodental anatomy of Machairodus catocopis is assessed through the study of a well-preserved specimen from the early Hemphillian site of Sebastin Place (Kansas) and through comparisons with other Miocene American and Eurasiaticmachairodonts, in order to resolve its affinities and to gain a clearer understanding of the evolution of machairodontine felids in the Holarctic. In view of the similarities with the Old World species Machairodus aphanistus, the original generic assignment seems correct, and later attribution of this species to the genus Nimravides appears unjustified. Similarities with Old World Miocene homotherins are too extensive to be the result of convergent evolution, especially considering the mosaic evolution of different machairodont adaptations. Hypotheses suggesting that M. catocopis is a part of a native American lineage originating from a feline, rather than machairodontine, immigrant are unjustified on anatomical or evolutionary grounds. The succession of sabertoothed felid species in the American Miocene is best explained as the result of three immigration events. A first immigration of a felid of Pseudaelurus grade led to the evolution of primitive species such as Pseudaelurus intrepidus and Nimravides pedionomus. A second immigration of a species of Machairodus aphanistus grade around the time of the ‘Hipparion event’ would result in the evolution of M. catocopis. The late Hemphillian species ‘Machairodus’ coloradensis is clearly a member of the Old World Turolian Amphimachairodus lineage, and would be the result of a third immigration event.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256400013_Machairodont_Adaptations_and_Affinities_of_the_Holarctic_Late_Miocene_Homotherin_Machairodus_Mammalia_Carnivora_Felidae_The_Case_of_Machairodus_Catocopis_Cope_1887
The craniodental anatomy of Machairodus catocopis is assessed through the study of a well-preserved specimen from the early Hemphillian site of Sebastin Place (Kansas) and through comparisons with other Miocene American and Eurasiaticmachairodonts, in order to resolve its affinities and to gain a clearer understanding of the evolution of machairodontine felids in the Holarctic. In view of the similarities with the Old World species Machairodus aphanistus, the original generic assignment seems correct, and later attribution of this species to the genus Nimravides appears unjustified. Similarities with Old World Miocene homotherins are too extensive to be the result of convergent evolution, especially considering the mosaic evolution of different machairodont adaptations. Hypotheses suggesting that M. catocopis is a part of a native American lineage originating from a feline, rather than machairodontine, immigrant are unjustified on anatomical or evolutionary grounds. The succession of sabertoothed felid species in the American Miocene is best explained as the result of three immigration events. A first immigration of a felid of Pseudaelurus grade led to the evolution of primitive species such as Pseudaelurus intrepidus and Nimravides pedionomus. A second immigration of a species of Machairodus aphanistus grade around the time of the ‘Hipparion event’ would result in the evolution of M. catocopis. The late Hemphillian species ‘Machairodus’ coloradensis is clearly a member of the Old World Turolian Amphimachairodus lineage, and would be the result of a third immigration event.
Machairodus aphanistus (Felidae, Machairodontinae, Homotherini) from the late Miocene (Vallesian, MN 10) site of Batallones-3 (Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain)
AbstractIn the present work we conduct a comparative study of the cranial and dental samples of the early machairodontine Machairodus aphanistus from the Vallesian (MN 10) sites of Batallones-1 and Batallones-3 (Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain). These sites, which have yielded the most abundant and complete samples of this felid, show interesting differences in faunal composition and age, thus providing a unique opportunity for both qualitative and quantitative comparisons between two populations of the same species. The study reveals differences in a number of cranial features, and statistically significant differences in teeth size and proportions. Although probably not enough to support a separation at the species level, these observations fit well with the morphological evolution of the lineage leading towards more derived forms such as the Turolian Amphimachairodus giganteus.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262245310_Machairodus_aphanistus_Felidae_Machairodontinae_Homotherini_from_the_Late_Miocene_Vallesian_Mn_10_Site_of_Batallones-3_Torrejon_De_Velasco_Madrid_Spain
AbstractIn the present work we conduct a comparative study of the cranial and dental samples of the early machairodontine Machairodus aphanistus from the Vallesian (MN 10) sites of Batallones-1 and Batallones-3 (Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain). These sites, which have yielded the most abundant and complete samples of this felid, show interesting differences in faunal composition and age, thus providing a unique opportunity for both qualitative and quantitative comparisons between two populations of the same species. The study reveals differences in a number of cranial features, and statistically significant differences in teeth size and proportions. Although probably not enough to support a separation at the species level, these observations fit well with the morphological evolution of the lineage leading towards more derived forms such as the Turolian Amphimachairodus giganteus.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262245310_Machairodus_aphanistus_Felidae_Machairodontinae_Homotherini_from_the_Late_Miocene_Vallesian_Mn_10_Site_of_Batallones-3_Torrejon_De_Velasco_Madrid_Spain
Discovery of a Late Miocene mammalian fauna from Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia, and its paleozoogeographical significance
http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/131/1315147127.pdf
The Wulanhua Fauna (~7 Ma) derives from the basal part of Late Miocene red clays in Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia. Chinesered clay deposits are rich in fossils of the Hipparion fauna, and are relatively widely distributed across Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan,and Gansu provinces. The Mongolian Plateau also contains well-developed Neogene deposits, especially in central InnerMongolia, where a sequence of mammalian faunas has been identified. The discovery of the Wulanhua Fauna provides an importantindicator of the paleogeographical distribution of the Hipparion fauna, and this study also contributes to a better understandingof the climatic and environmental significance of red clays. Most forms of the Wulanhua Fauna are the same as or close totaxa within the Baode Fauna. However, some forms are slightly more derived than those of the Baode Fauna, which may indicatea slightly younger geological age of about 7 Ma. The components of the Wulanhua Fauna suggest that the habitat was a typicalsteppe and therefore yield direct evidence to delineate the boundary between the east and west subregions of the Late MioceneHipparion fauna in North China.
http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/131/1315147127.pdf
The Wulanhua Fauna (~7 Ma) derives from the basal part of Late Miocene red clays in Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia. Chinesered clay deposits are rich in fossils of the Hipparion fauna, and are relatively widely distributed across Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan,and Gansu provinces. The Mongolian Plateau also contains well-developed Neogene deposits, especially in central InnerMongolia, where a sequence of mammalian faunas has been identified. The discovery of the Wulanhua Fauna provides an importantindicator of the paleogeographical distribution of the Hipparion fauna, and this study also contributes to a better understandingof the climatic and environmental significance of red clays. Most forms of the Wulanhua Fauna are the same as or close totaxa within the Baode Fauna. However, some forms are slightly more derived than those of the Baode Fauna, which may indicatea slightly younger geological age of about 7 Ma. The components of the Wulanhua Fauna suggest that the habitat was a typicalsteppe and therefore yield direct evidence to delineate the boundary between the east and west subregions of the Late MioceneHipparion fauna in North China.
A new machairodontine (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Late Miocene hominid locality of TM 266, Toros-Menalla, Chad
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40661203_A_new_machairodontine_Carnivora_Felidae_from_the_Late_Miocene_hominid_locality_of_TM_266_Toros-Menalla_Chad
AbstractMachairodus kabir n. sp., described here, comes from the Late Miocene hominid locality of TM 266, Toros-Menalla, Chad. This species is more derived than the previously described Machairodus in having a more developed mental apophysis and more reduced premolars relatively to m1. Machairodus kabir n. sp. is the largest mammalian predator from the Toros-Menalla fossiliferous area, with an estimated body mass reaching 350–490 kg, which certainly allowed this felid to prey on large herbivores present at Toros-Menalla. To cite this article: S. Peigné et al., C. R. Palevol 4 (2005)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40661203_A_new_machairodontine_Carnivora_Felidae_from_the_Late_Miocene_hominid_locality_of_TM_266_Toros-Menalla_Chad
AbstractMachairodus kabir n. sp., described here, comes from the Late Miocene hominid locality of TM 266, Toros-Menalla, Chad. This species is more derived than the previously described Machairodus in having a more developed mental apophysis and more reduced premolars relatively to m1. Machairodus kabir n. sp. is the largest mammalian predator from the Toros-Menalla fossiliferous area, with an estimated body mass reaching 350–490 kg, which certainly allowed this felid to prey on large herbivores present at Toros-Menalla. To cite this article: S. Peigné et al., C. R. Palevol 4 (2005)
The Oldest Ethiopian Hipparion (Equinae, Perissodactyl from Chorora: Systematics, Paleodiet and Paleoclimate
AbstractWe report here a sample of 5 cheek teeth of a primitive hipparion from the early late Miocene Ethiopian locality of Chorora. This sample represents the oldest hipparion known from Ethiopia, and probably East and South Africa. The sample exhibits a number of distinctly primitive characters that suggest its provisional referral to "Cormohipparion" sp. The Chorora hipparion has none of the more advanced features typical of the latest Miocene-Pleistocene African hipparionine lineage Eurygnathohippus, maintaining a low crown height, lack of ectostylids and pli caballinids. The Chorora hipparion does exhibit a mesowear signal, sug- gesting that it was a mixed-feeder. The carbon isotope signal also suggests that it was a mixed-feeder that included both browse and C4 grass in its diet.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241840175_The_Oldest_Ethiopian_Hipparion_Equinae_Perissodactyla_from_Chorora_Systematics_Paleodiet_and_Paleoclimate
AbstractWe report here a sample of 5 cheek teeth of a primitive hipparion from the early late Miocene Ethiopian locality of Chorora. This sample represents the oldest hipparion known from Ethiopia, and probably East and South Africa. The sample exhibits a number of distinctly primitive characters that suggest its provisional referral to "Cormohipparion" sp. The Chorora hipparion has none of the more advanced features typical of the latest Miocene-Pleistocene African hipparionine lineage Eurygnathohippus, maintaining a low crown height, lack of ectostylids and pli caballinids. The Chorora hipparion does exhibit a mesowear signal, sug- gesting that it was a mixed-feeder. The carbon isotope signal also suggests that it was a mixed-feeder that included both browse and C4 grass in its diet.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241840175_The_Oldest_Ethiopian_Hipparion_Equinae_Perissodactyla_from_Chorora_Systematics_Paleodiet_and_Paleoclimate
Functional morphology and the evolution of cats
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1286&context=tnas
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1286&context=tnas
Resource partitioning among top predators in a Miocene food
The exceptional fossil sites of Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid Basin, Spain) containabundant remains of Late Miocene mammals. From these fossilassemblages, we have inferred diet, resource partitioning and habitat of threesympatric carnivorous mammals based on stable isotopes. The carnivoransinclude three apex predators: two sabre-toothed cats (Felidae) and a bear dog(Amphicyonidae). Herbivore and carnivore carbon isotope (d13C) valuesfrom tooth enamel imply the presence of a woodland ecosystem dominatedby C3 plants. d13C values and mixing-model analyses suggest that the twosabre-toothed cats, one the size of a leopard and the other the size of a tiger,consumed herbivores with similar d13C values from a more wooded portionof the ecosystem. The two sabre-toothed cats probably hunted prey of differentbody sizes, and the smaller species could have used tree cover to avoid encounterswith the larger felid. For the bear dog, d13C values are higher and differsignificantly from those of the sabre-toothed cats, suggesting a diet thatincludes prey from more open woodland. Coexistence of the sabre-toothedcats and the bear dog was likely facilitated by prey capture in different portionsof the habitat. This study demonstrates the utility of stable isotope analysis forinvestigating the behaviour and ecology of members of past carnivoran guilds
http://royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/early/2012/11/03/rspb.2012.2138.full.pdf
The exceptional fossil sites of Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid Basin, Spain) containabundant remains of Late Miocene mammals. From these fossilassemblages, we have inferred diet, resource partitioning and habitat of threesympatric carnivorous mammals based on stable isotopes. The carnivoransinclude three apex predators: two sabre-toothed cats (Felidae) and a bear dog(Amphicyonidae). Herbivore and carnivore carbon isotope (d13C) valuesfrom tooth enamel imply the presence of a woodland ecosystem dominatedby C3 plants. d13C values and mixing-model analyses suggest that the twosabre-toothed cats, one the size of a leopard and the other the size of a tiger,consumed herbivores with similar d13C values from a more wooded portionof the ecosystem. The two sabre-toothed cats probably hunted prey of differentbody sizes, and the smaller species could have used tree cover to avoid encounterswith the larger felid. For the bear dog, d13C values are higher and differsignificantly from those of the sabre-toothed cats, suggesting a diet thatincludes prey from more open woodland. Coexistence of the sabre-toothedcats and the bear dog was likely facilitated by prey capture in different portionsof the habitat. This study demonstrates the utility of stable isotope analysis forinvestigating the behaviour and ecology of members of past carnivoran guilds
http://royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/early/2012/11/03/rspb.2012.2138.full.pdf
Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas
http://www.pnas.org/content/103/2/379.full.pdf
http://www.pnas.org/content/103/2/379.full.pdf
Amphimachairodus (Felidae, Mammalia) from Sahabi (latest Miocene-earliest Pliocene, Libya), with a review of African Miocene Machairodontinae
http://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/download/6359/6314
AbstractWe describe and illustrate a partial skull and mandible of a large sabertooth cat from Sahabi, Libya, and refer it to Amphimachairodus aff. A. kabir. A review shows the Miocene Machairodontinae from Africa to be a heterogeneous assemblage, with both small and large forms spanning the entire Late Miocene. The Sahabi form belongs to the group of larger sized taxa, along with A, kabir from Chad and some previously undescribed specimens from the Wembere-Manonga Formation, Tanzania. Both the Sahabi and Chad specimens have relatively slender lower carnassials, similarly to Homotherium, though derived features of the skull and mandible suggest that they are not in the direct ancestry of that genus.
http://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/download/6359/6314
AbstractWe describe and illustrate a partial skull and mandible of a large sabertooth cat from Sahabi, Libya, and refer it to Amphimachairodus aff. A. kabir. A review shows the Miocene Machairodontinae from Africa to be a heterogeneous assemblage, with both small and large forms spanning the entire Late Miocene. The Sahabi form belongs to the group of larger sized taxa, along with A, kabir from Chad and some previously undescribed specimens from the Wembere-Manonga Formation, Tanzania. Both the Sahabi and Chad specimens have relatively slender lower carnassials, similarly to Homotherium, though derived features of the skull and mandible suggest that they are not in the direct ancestry of that genus.
Functional analysis of the long saber teeth
http://pan.baidu.com/s/1hsdWEhe
http://pan.baidu.com/s/1hsdWEhe
Dating the northern African cercopithecid fossil record
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226520029_Dating_the_Northern_African_cercopithecid_fossil_record
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226520029_Dating_the_Northern_African_cercopithecid_fossil_record
New sabre-toothed cats in the Late Miocene of Toros Menalla (Chad)
AbstractThe Toros Menalla Late Miocene Formation (7 Ma), Djurab desert, Chad, has yielded a large number of vertebrate remains, and among them around twenty taxa of carnivores. Recent collections allow us to describe two sabre-toothed felids assigned to the genera Lokotunjailurus and cf. Megantereon. The former does exist in the Nawata Formation, Lothagam, northern Kenya with a slightly derived species and the TM specimens are considered as belonging to a new species. The latter cannot be identified to the species level, but it could be one of the earliest specimens of Megantereon known in the world and it would reinforce the hypothesis of an Old World origin for this taxon. Both allow us to put forward some biogeographical conclusions
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238003624_New_sabre-toothed_cats_in_the_Late_Miocene_of_Toros_Menalla_Chad
AbstractThe Toros Menalla Late Miocene Formation (7 Ma), Djurab desert, Chad, has yielded a large number of vertebrate remains, and among them around twenty taxa of carnivores. Recent collections allow us to describe two sabre-toothed felids assigned to the genera Lokotunjailurus and cf. Megantereon. The former does exist in the Nawata Formation, Lothagam, northern Kenya with a slightly derived species and the TM specimens are considered as belonging to a new species. The latter cannot be identified to the species level, but it could be one of the earliest specimens of Megantereon known in the world and it would reinforce the hypothesis of an Old World origin for this taxon. Both allow us to put forward some biogeographical conclusions
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238003624_New_sabre-toothed_cats_in_the_Late_Miocene_of_Toros_Menalla_Chad
A new species of Propalaeotherium (Palaeotheriidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Middle Eocene locality of Aumelas (Hérault, France).
http://www.palaeovertebrata.com/Articles/sendFile/353/published_article
http://www.palaeovertebrata.com/Articles/sendFile/353/published_article
Baraguatherium takumara , Gen. et Sp. Nov., the Earliest Mylodontoid Sloth (Early Miocene) from Northern South America
AbstractWe report a new genus and species of sloth, based on a partial mandible and associated femur, from the early Miocene of Venezuela. Baraguatherium takumara, gen. et sp. nov., represents the earliest member of the Mylodontoidea recognized from northern South America. Phylogenetically and morphologically, Baraguatherium possesses some plesiomorphic characters: a vasodentine layer in the core of the tooth similar to Octodontotherium, Paroctodontotherium, and Orophodon; molariforms parallel to the long axis of the toothrow; teeth with a very thin layer of cementum; mf1-mf3 series of similar size and bilobate; mf3 conspicuously piriform; and occlusal surface of tooth beveled, which places it at the base of the Mylodontidae clade. Baraguatherium was found in continental deposits that also preserve abundant wood and leaves associated with a near shore marine complex, indicating that Baraguatherium lived in a coastal tropical forest in the early Miocene in northern South America. The presence of a vasodentine layer in the core of the tooth is quite similar to Octodontotherium, Paroctodontotherium, and Orophodon and allows assignment of this new taxon to the Mylodontoidea
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300000528_Baraguatherium_takumara_Gen_et_Sp_Nov_the_Earliest_Mylodontoid_Sloth_Early_Miocene_from_Northern_South_America
AbstractWe report a new genus and species of sloth, based on a partial mandible and associated femur, from the early Miocene of Venezuela. Baraguatherium takumara, gen. et sp. nov., represents the earliest member of the Mylodontoidea recognized from northern South America. Phylogenetically and morphologically, Baraguatherium possesses some plesiomorphic characters: a vasodentine layer in the core of the tooth similar to Octodontotherium, Paroctodontotherium, and Orophodon; molariforms parallel to the long axis of the toothrow; teeth with a very thin layer of cementum; mf1-mf3 series of similar size and bilobate; mf3 conspicuously piriform; and occlusal surface of tooth beveled, which places it at the base of the Mylodontidae clade. Baraguatherium was found in continental deposits that also preserve abundant wood and leaves associated with a near shore marine complex, indicating that Baraguatherium lived in a coastal tropical forest in the early Miocene in northern South America. The presence of a vasodentine layer in the core of the tooth is quite similar to Octodontotherium, Paroctodontotherium, and Orophodon and allows assignment of this new taxon to the Mylodontoidea
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300000528_Baraguatherium_takumara_Gen_et_Sp_Nov_the_Earliest_Mylodontoid_Sloth_Early_Miocene_from_Northern_South_America
The Giraffidae of Maragheh and the identification of a new species of Honanotherium 河南兽
AbstractGiraffids were important components of the late Miocene Maragheh mammalian community. We provide detailed cranial and post-cranial morphological descriptions of six Maragheh giraffids, including Helladotherium duvernoyi, Alcicephalus neumayri, Samotherium boissieri, Samotherium major, Palaeotragus coelophrys and Bohlinia attica, extending the geological range of several taxa. We also describe a new species of Honanotherium (Honanotherium bernori), a taxon smaller than Honanotherium schlosseri. This is the westernmost occurrence of Honanotherium. We create our giraffid faunal list by first identifying each Maragheh specimen to a species, creating a representative specimen/species list. Subsequently, each specimen is described by comparing the Maragheh elements with the corresponding specimens from the type locality where each species is originally known. This method allows for accurate species identifications, and facilitates palaeoecological comparisons between multiple localities using morphological differences in the taxa. For palaeoecology, we evaluate and analyse the dentition of a few adult Maragheh giraffids using combined inner and outer mesowear variables, and find individuals spanning the dietary continuum, but with a polarity towards browsing diets. We describe limb differences among the Palaeotraginae, describe dental and limb similarities between Helladotherium duvernoyi and species of Bohlininae, and discuss the ossicones of Bohlininae. We provide comprehensive and detailed anatomical descriptions of seven giraffid taxa that can facilitate future species identifications and comparisons. © 2016 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301240264_The_Giraffidae_of_Maragheh_and_the_identification_of_a_new_species_of_Honanotherium
AbstractGiraffids were important components of the late Miocene Maragheh mammalian community. We provide detailed cranial and post-cranial morphological descriptions of six Maragheh giraffids, including Helladotherium duvernoyi, Alcicephalus neumayri, Samotherium boissieri, Samotherium major, Palaeotragus coelophrys and Bohlinia attica, extending the geological range of several taxa. We also describe a new species of Honanotherium (Honanotherium bernori), a taxon smaller than Honanotherium schlosseri. This is the westernmost occurrence of Honanotherium. We create our giraffid faunal list by first identifying each Maragheh specimen to a species, creating a representative specimen/species list. Subsequently, each specimen is described by comparing the Maragheh elements with the corresponding specimens from the type locality where each species is originally known. This method allows for accurate species identifications, and facilitates palaeoecological comparisons between multiple localities using morphological differences in the taxa. For palaeoecology, we evaluate and analyse the dentition of a few adult Maragheh giraffids using combined inner and outer mesowear variables, and find individuals spanning the dietary continuum, but with a polarity towards browsing diets. We describe limb differences among the Palaeotraginae, describe dental and limb similarities between Helladotherium duvernoyi and species of Bohlininae, and discuss the ossicones of Bohlininae. We provide comprehensive and detailed anatomical descriptions of seven giraffid taxa that can facilitate future species identifications and comparisons. © 2016 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301240264_The_Giraffidae_of_Maragheh_and_the_identification_of_a_new_species_of_Honanotherium
Niche overlap and competition potential among tigers ( Panthera tigris ), sabertoothed cats ( Homotherium ultimum , Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii ) and Merri...
AbstractOn Java during the Pleistocene, tigers of more than 300 kg occurred, but these are restricted to a single Late Pleistocene faunal unit, while Early and Middle Pleistocene tigers possessed body masses comparable to those of historic Javanese and extant Sumatran tigers. However, former studies have excluded carnivores from the Middle Pleistocene site of Sangiran where tigers co-occurred with machairodonts (Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii and Homotherium ultimum) and the large Merriam’s Dog (Megacyon merriami). The aim of this study is to test if large tiger individuals occurred already in Early and/or Middle Pleistocene sites in Java and evaluate competition potential among carnivores from Sangiran and its consequences. We calculated body masses and prey mass spectrum for tigers and potential competitors using linear regressions. Niche overlap was then estimated based on the prey mass spectrum after which niche-overlaps were used as indicators for competition potentials. Reconstructed body mass for Homotherium ultimum, Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii, Megacyon merriami are 154 kg (comparable to Homotherium from Untermassfeld), 130 kg and 52 kg, respectively. The niche overlap between tigers and Merriam’s Dog is highest (100%) while it is comparatively low (60 %) between tigers and Homotherium ultimum. Tigers have not increased body mass before Ngandong faunal level, but competitors like Merriam’s Dog seems to have decreased body mass to avoid competition with tigers. The sabertoothed cats on the other hand seem to have been unable to adapt to competition and went extinct.
http://edulll.ekt.gr/edulll/retrieve/9684/3286_%CE%94%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7_07-paper_1_Volmer_etal_in-rev[P3].pdf
AbstractOn Java during the Pleistocene, tigers of more than 300 kg occurred, but these are restricted to a single Late Pleistocene faunal unit, while Early and Middle Pleistocene tigers possessed body masses comparable to those of historic Javanese and extant Sumatran tigers. However, former studies have excluded carnivores from the Middle Pleistocene site of Sangiran where tigers co-occurred with machairodonts (Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii and Homotherium ultimum) and the large Merriam’s Dog (Megacyon merriami). The aim of this study is to test if large tiger individuals occurred already in Early and/or Middle Pleistocene sites in Java and evaluate competition potential among carnivores from Sangiran and its consequences. We calculated body masses and prey mass spectrum for tigers and potential competitors using linear regressions. Niche overlap was then estimated based on the prey mass spectrum after which niche-overlaps were used as indicators for competition potentials. Reconstructed body mass for Homotherium ultimum, Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii, Megacyon merriami are 154 kg (comparable to Homotherium from Untermassfeld), 130 kg and 52 kg, respectively. The niche overlap between tigers and Merriam’s Dog is highest (100%) while it is comparatively low (60 %) between tigers and Homotherium ultimum. Tigers have not increased body mass before Ngandong faunal level, but competitors like Merriam’s Dog seems to have decreased body mass to avoid competition with tigers. The sabertoothed cats on the other hand seem to have been unable to adapt to competition and went extinct.
http://edulll.ekt.gr/edulll/retrieve/9684/3286_%CE%94%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7_07-paper_1_Volmer_etal_in-rev[P3].pdf