【考据】giotto时期的相关资料＝＝给写文和看文的孩纸
mafia的起源其实并不怎么清楚……
《教父》我没有看完，不过《教父》描写的是美国的黑手党，而且有美化的意思……
Don貌似是西班牙贵族的名字会用到这个词，还是比较尊贵的～笑～
私认为翻译成阁下还是比较贴切的～
不过西班牙对意大利的影响真的挺大的～
《教父》我没有看完，不过《教父》描写的是美国的黑手党，而且有美化的意思……
Don貌似是西班牙贵族的名字会用到这个词，还是比较尊贵的～笑～
私认为翻译成阁下还是比较贴切的～
不过西班牙对意大利的影响真的挺大的～
咱对武器倒是挺感兴趣的，特别是枪～笑～
特别是银色的AK47……
不过很可惜～这里禁枪～（喂！）
咳，只是遗憾没有办法摸到真枪……Ｏrz
还有暗杀也是……虽然非常危险但能让人紧张兴奋起来呢～笑～
其实前面那么细是因为曾经看过一篇文～里面有改造枪支……OTZ
下次会注意～谢谢亲的建议～~~~^_^~~~
特别是银色的AK47……
不过很可惜～这里禁枪～（喂！）
咳，只是遗憾没有办法摸到真枪……Ｏrz
还有暗杀也是……虽然非常危险但能让人紧张兴奋起来呢～笑～
其实前面那么细是因为曾经看过一篇文～里面有改造枪支……OTZ
下次会注意～谢谢亲的建议～~~~^_^~~~
能混黑手党的女人真的很伟大……各种强势啊～
看到八代一出场几个镜头就排上了人气榜前十就有一种“啊，果然如此啊……”的感觉～笑～
那监护人……嗤～我想起了意呆利……
教父的确是经典～那种对阴暗面的描写掌握的度恰好可以让欣赏和批判两种声音持平……
而家庭教师真的是很美好～笑～
看到八代一出场几个镜头就排上了人气榜前十就有一种“啊，果然如此啊……”的感觉～笑～
那监护人……嗤～我想起了意呆利……
教父的确是经典～那种对阴暗面的描写掌握的度恰好可以让欣赏和批判两种声音持平……
而家庭教师真的是很美好～笑～
其实黑手党一开始是自卫团的性质，为了保护家人和居住的环境，当时加入黑手党是非常光荣的一件事，可以说当地的人们都是非常支持……
不过后来倒是慢慢变质了……→_→
有点像初代那点事对吧～
意呆利么→_→
APH是从拟人到每集五分钟的设定都萌点满满啊～嗤～
不过后来倒是慢慢变质了……→_→
有点像初代那点事对吧～
意呆利么→_→
APH是从拟人到每集五分钟的设定都萌点满满啊～嗤～
没问题～枪支会做一个专辑～毕竟要混黑手党嘛～笑～
前面那些解析枪支的资料都是从台湾网站搜来的～密密麻麻的繁体字让我压力很大啊……
大陆貌似对这方面的资料禁得很严……OTZ
威尼斯面具……→_→要介绍也是可以的哦~~~^_^~~~
亲能喜欢就好～
前面那些解析枪支的资料都是从台湾网站搜来的～密密麻麻的繁体字让我压力很大啊……
大陆貌似对这方面的资料禁得很严……OTZ
威尼斯面具……→_→要介绍也是可以的哦~~~^_^~~~
亲能喜欢就好～
只能说他们采取了以暴制暴的手段对抗法军……
咱对二战的认识只停留在高中阶段……→_→
斯大林格勒保卫战……教咱商务贸易的老师说敌人有一部分是被俄语那像枪一样的强势语气给吓退的～嗤～
咱对二战的认识只停留在高中阶段……→_→
斯大林格勒保卫战……教咱商务贸易的老师说敌人有一部分是被俄语那像枪一样的强势语气给吓退的～嗤～
第四篇：修养篇
１．品酒
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图片中酒杯类型从左至右依次为：醒酒器、水杯、白葡萄酒杯、马丁尼酒杯、红葡萄酒杯、饮料杯、香槟杯、小烈酒杯、啤酒升。
不同的高脚杯应该盛放不同的酒的
香槟杯
细长的笛形杯 雪利杯 是盛香槟的酒杯
杯身像碟型的也是喝香槟的
半球形高脚杯是红葡萄酒杯
含苞待放的郁金香形高脚杯是白葡萄酒杯
刚刚盛开的郁金香形高脚杯是波特酒杯
漏斗形高脚杯是白兰地酒杯
短脚大肚杯是水杯
一种很小的像我国的白酒杯的，叫做烈酒杯
像试管样的，叫试管杯用来喝鸡尾酒的
三角型的高脚杯也是用来喝鸡尾酒的
图片从左至右：白葡萄酒杯——香槟杯——红葡萄酒杯
标准的红酒杯就有两种：波尔多杯以及勃艮第杯，
左为波尔多高脚杯系列型 右为 勃根蒂高脚杯系列型
波尔多杯要更加小巧一点,而勃艮第杯则偏大，至于例如香槟，则标准的郁金香杯，威士忌以及白兰地则有其专用的方形酒杯 。
分了这么多种主要是为了更好的饮用红酒，让红酒的风情发挥到淋漓尽致,例如口大的，就更加有力于酒体饱满，口感浓重的酒,大面积的挥发其诱人的香气，而杯口小的则适宜那种香味不是如此浓重的酒款。
波尔多以及勃艮第，后者更偏向本土风味，也就是酸涩的口感，而波尔多则更偏重酒体的完满和平衡性，这就是这两种酒杯的差异。
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需要更详细的资料看这里
一套全面的酒杯用法
http://wenku.baidu.com/view/d2a69c60ddccda38376baf83.html?from=rec&pos=1&weight=2&lastweight=1&count=4
红酒品种介绍和配餐吃法
http://wenku.baidu.com/view/b72b7e323968011ca300911f.html
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关于各种高脚杯的拿法＝＝
以下是百度百科给出的答案＝＝
（对不起，让我借用一下这个表情……）（1.）把高脚杯夹在食指和中指的中间！其他手指自然向里弯曲！拇指也可以轻轻护住杯的四分之三处....此方法比较绅士...
（2.）正常的用拇指和食指轻握杯子的四分之三处，虎口对着杯和柱子的地方....此方法比较一般....
（3.）握住高脚杯住的一半或者少于一半处，其他手指自然轻握...此方法比较昧气，适合女士....
……都是用手掌托着高脚杯＝＝
但是我想说的是高脚杯的设计就是为了避免手的温度传给红酒，破坏红酒的味道＝＝
传统上饮用红酒的温度是清凉室温，18至21℃之间（白葡萄酒则是在9到12度之间），在这温度下，各种年份的红酒都处于最佳状态。
一瓶经过冰镇的红酒比清凉室温下的红酒单宁特性会更为显著，因而味道比较涩。白葡萄酒情况恰恰相反，它就是要突出清爽和酸涩因此适合冰镇后饮用。
然后这是另外的捧红葡萄酒杯的方式……
品葡萄酒捧杯的两种常用方法，尽量不让手的温度影响红酒
这是白葡萄酒
贝阿朵丽克斯女王（右）以及智利总统巴切莱特（左）同样品的是白葡萄酒
盛白葡萄酒及香槟的酒杯为高脚杯，喝时拿住杯脚下面部分，手不要碰到杯身， 因为白葡萄酒及香槟喝时通常是要冰冻的，而手的温度会使它温热起来。
红酒杯端法敬酒时可以用拇指、无名指和小指牢牢握住杯脚下方，中指扶着杯脚，食指轻搭在杯脚与酒杯连接处。手指尽量伸直，显现手部优美曲线。
盛红酒的酒杯杯脚较短， 杯身较肥大, 可以用食指和中指夹住杯角，喝时不宜拿近杯身，手的温度影响红酒的口感。 而在品白兰地时应用手拖住杯身使酒香更好的散发出来。
同样上面两段来自百度……
下面这段摘自白兰地杯百度百科＝＝
白兰地的喝法： 首先，干邑白兰地倒入郁金香杯内约1/3满，然后用手指捏住杯脚底部，以避免手心温度传抵杯中影响酒质。
于是，对于怎么捧杯我已经不想多说神马了
这是拓展……＝＝
布什总统的尴尬 7只酒杯不知何用
http://ejlw.net/data/xxpclub/info/view_info.asp?id=25565
关于资料我已经不想说神马了＝＝
现在我只能摆出这样的表情了＝＝
之前的西西里黑手党的资料也好还有红酒的资料也好，
翻了越多越觉得百度百科模糊不清的资料很多，不同资料里的说法也不同＝＝
于是我抛弃开头的目录了＝＝
后面的资料很多都会给链接，因为是外文网站
资料的顺序会按照和漫画里giotto的紧密顺序排列＝＝
现在我只能摆出
这样的表情了＝＝之前的西西里黑手党的资料也好还有红酒的资料也好，
翻了越多越觉得百度百科模糊不清的资料很多，不同资料里的说法也不同＝＝
于是我抛弃开头的目录了＝＝
后面的资料很多都会给链接，因为是外文网站
资料的顺序会按照和漫画里giotto的紧密顺序排列＝＝
Structure and composition
Cosa Nostra is not a monolithic organization, but rather a loose association of groups known alternately as "families", "cosche", "borgatas" or "clans" (despite the name, their members are generally not related by blood). Today, according to the Chief Prosecutor of Palermo, Francesco Messineo, there are 94 Mafia clans in Sicily subject to 29 mandamenti,[95] with a total of at least 3,500 to 4,000 full members.[96] Most are based in western Sicily, almost half of them in the province of Palermo.[12]
Clan hierarchy
Hierarchy of a Cosa Nostra clan.
In 1984, the mafioso informant Tommaso Buscetta explained to prosecutors the command structure of a typical clan.[12] A clan is led by a "boss" (capofamiglia or rappresentante), who is aided by an underboss (a sotto capo) and supervised by one or more advisers (consigliere). Under his command are groups (decina) of about ten "soldiers" (soldati or operai). Each decina is led by a capodecina (or sometimes caporegime).
The actual structure of any given clan can vary. Despite the name decina, they do not necessarily have ten soldiers, but can have anything from five to thirty.[97] Some clans are so small that they don't even have decinas and capodecinas, and even in large clans certain soldiers may report directly to the boss.[98]
The boss of a clan is typically elected by the rank-and-file soldiers (though violent successions do happen). Due to the small size of most Sicilian clans, the boss of a clan has intimate contact with all members, and doesn't receive much in the way of privileges or rewards as he would in larger organizations (such as the larger Five Families of New York).[99] His tenure is also frequently short: elections are yearly, and he might be deposed sooner for misconduct or incompetence.[100]
The underboss is usually appointed by the boss. He is the boss' most trusted right-hand man and second-in-command. If the boss is killed or imprisoned, he takes over as leader.
The consigliere ("counselor") of the clan is also elected on a yearly basis. One of his jobs is to supervise the actions of the boss and his immediate underlings, particularly in financial matters (e.g. preventing embezzlement).[101] He also serves as an impartial adviser to the boss and mediator in internal disputes. To fulfill this role, the consigliere must be impartial, devoid of conflict of interest and ambition.[102]
Other than its members, Cosa Nostra makes extensive use of "associates". These are people who work for or aid a clan (or even multiple clans) but are not treated as true members. These include corrupt officials and prospective mafiosi. An associate is considered by the mafiosi nothing more than a tool, someone that they can "use", or "nothing mixed with nil."[12]
The media has often made reference to a "capo di tutti capi" or "boss of bosses" that allegedly "commands all of Cosa Nostra". Calogero Vizzini, Salvatore Riina, and Bernardo Provenzano were especially influential bosses who have each been described by the media and law enforcement as being the "boss of bosses" of their times. While a powerful boss may exert great influence over his neighbors, the position does not formally exist, according to Mafia turncoats such as Buscetta.[103][104] According to Mafia historian Salvatore Lupo "the emphasis of the media on the definition of a 'capo di tutti capi' is without any foundation".[104]
Ten Commandments
In November 2007 Sicilian police reported to have found a list of "Ten Commandments" in the hideout of mafia boss Salvatore Lo Piccolo. They are thought to be guidelines on how to be a good, respectful and honourable mafioso.[122]
1 No one can present himself directly to another of our friends. There must be a third person to do it.
2 Never look at the wives of friends.
3 Never be seen with cops.
4 Don't go to pubs and clubs.
5 Always being available for Cosa Nostra is a duty - even if your wife is about to give birth.
6 Appointments must absolutely be respected.
7 Wives must be treated with respect.
8 When asked for any information, the answer must be the truth.
9 Money cannot be appropriated if it belongs to others or to other families.
10 People who can't be part of Cosa Nostra: anyone who has a close relative in the police, anyone with a two-timing relative in the family, anyone who behaves badly and doesn't hold to moral values.
The pentito Antonino Calderone recounted similar Commandments in his 1987 testimony:
These rules are not to touch the women of other men of honor; not to steal from other men of honor or, in general, from anyone; not to exploit prostitution; not to kill other men of honor unless strictly necessary; to avoid passing information to the police; not to quarrel with other men of honor; to maintain proper behavior; to keep silent about Cosa Nostra around outsiders; to avoid under all circumstances introducing oneself to other men of honor.[123]
In November 2007 Sicilian police reported to have found a list of "Ten Commandments" in the hideout of mafia boss Salvatore Lo Piccolo. They are thought to be guidelines on how to be a good, respectful and honourable mafioso.[122]
1 No one can present himself directly to another of our friends. There must be a third person to do it.
2 Never look at the wives of friends.
3 Never be seen with cops.
4 Don't go to pubs and clubs.
5 Always being available for Cosa Nostra is a duty - even if your wife is about to give birth.
6 Appointments must absolutely be respected.
7 Wives must be treated with respect.
8 When asked for any information, the answer must be the truth.
9 Money cannot be appropriated if it belongs to others or to other families.
10 People who can't be part of Cosa Nostra: anyone who has a close relative in the police, anyone with a two-timing relative in the family, anyone who behaves badly and doesn't hold to moral values.
The pentito Antonino Calderone recounted similar Commandments in his 1987 testimony:
These rules are not to touch the women of other men of honor; not to steal from other men of honor or, in general, from anyone; not to exploit prostitution; not to kill other men of honor unless strictly necessary; to avoid passing information to the police; not to quarrel with other men of honor; to maintain proper behavior; to keep silent about Cosa Nostra around outsiders; to avoid under all circumstances introducing oneself to other men of honor.[123]
178L的图放错了＝＝
是这张
1900 map of Mafia presence in Sicily. Towns with Mafia activity are marked as red dots. The Mafia operated mostly in the west, in areas of rich agricultural productivity.
（１９００年黑手党在西西里的分布图。黑手党活跃的城镇用红点标记。黑手党主要掌控着农业发达的西部。）
是这张
1900 map of Mafia presence in Sicily. Towns with Mafia activity are marked as red dots. The Mafia operated mostly in the west, in areas of rich agricultural productivity.
（１９００年黑手党在西西里的分布图。黑手党活跃的城镇用红点标记。黑手党主要掌控着农业发达的西部。）