John Kasimir(1648-1668) continued the policy of reformfrom the throne, but the only result was to increase the disorders among thenobles and play into the hand of short-sighted demagogues like Lubomirski, whowas able to form a “confederacy”-at a time when unity was vital to Poland-withthe mere object of securing complete licence of the szlachta. Government becamea farce, and John Kasimir resigned.
约翰·卡齐米日（1648-1668）继续巩固王权的改革，但是唯一的结果是增加了贵族的混乱并且被例如卢博米尔斯基这样能够组成“联盟”的短视的煽动者玩弄于股掌之间，只是单纯为了确保施拉赫塔特权的完整，尽管在此时团结对于波兰来说至关重要。政府成了一个闹剧，然后约翰·卡齐米日辞职了。

果然这种贴子沉得快啊

External Affairs
Soon after theaccession of Michael Romanov to the throne of Moscow war broke out betweenRussia and Poland; it was brought to a triumphant conclusion by Wladyslaw atthe Treaty of Polanov(1634), by which Poland obtained the provinces of Seversk,Czernigov, and Smolensk, and the surrender of all Russian claims to Esthonia,Livonia and Courland. At the same time Wladyslaw recovered parts of the Prussianprovinces and the Baltic littoral from Sweden, and in the south came to termswith the Turks and Tartars over the perennial question of raiding by theCossacks. The early years of this reign mark one of the highest points in thewhole history of Polish foreign policy. Wladyslaw had schemes for founding aPolish navy; and the future of Polish influence in the Baltic seemed bright.Everything, however, was negative by the jealousy of the szlachta, who by theirpolicy of obstruction paralysed the army and the executive. The truth was that,apart from their insane dislike of discipline and their jealousy of their ownprivileges, the interests of most of the magnates, and also of large numbers ofthe szlachta, had come to be concentrated in the south and south-east ofPoland. Their policy of peasant exploitation and religious persecution wascausing widespread discontent in these regions. As a last resort, Wladyslawhoped to turn this smouldering discontent to his own purpose by leading thepeasants and Cossacks against the Tatars in the Crimea and against the Turksthrough Moldavia, but he died before the scheme could be matured.
外部事务
在米哈伊尔·罗曼诺夫登上莫斯科的王座后不久，波兰与俄罗斯之间爆发了战争波里扬诺夫合约的签订带给了瓦迪斯瓦夫一个令人欣喜的结果，波兰获得了谢韦尔斯克、切尔尼戈夫和斯摩棱斯克，并且让俄罗斯放弃了所有关于爱沙尼亚、利沃尼亚和库尔兰的宣称，同时瓦迪斯瓦夫从瑞典那里恢复了普鲁士的部分省份和波罗的海沿岸的部分地区，并且在南方同土耳其人和鞑靼人就哥萨克的劫掠这一长期问题进行了磋商。他统治的早年是波兰外交史上的顶点之一。瓦迪斯瓦夫有建立波兰海军的计划，并且波兰在波罗的海似乎前途一片光明。然而，这一切都被施拉赫塔出于猜忌通过阻塞瘫痪军队和行政的方式予以阻止。事实是，除了他们对规则的极端厌恶和他们对威胁自己特权的猜忌之外，大部分权贵的利益和大量的施拉赫塔都集中在波兰的南部和东南部。他们剥削农民和宗教迫害的政策在这一地区造成了普遍不满。作为最后的手段，瓦迪斯瓦夫出于自己的目的希望将这压抑的不满引导去在克里米亚对抗鞑靼人以及在摩尔达维亚对抗土耳其人，但是在这方案成熟之前他就死了。

Under his successor, John Kasimir, a series of Cossack warsraged over large parts of Poland. Roughly speaking, the Cossacks claimed fourreforms:(1)religious freedom, with the abolition of the Uniat Church; (2)autonomyof the western parts of the Ukraine;(3)increase of the number of registeredCossacks (i.e. Cossacks acting as regular cavalry), who were to rank as Polishszlachta; and(4) amelioration of the condition of the peasants. The wars tendedto be a combination of peasant revolt against the magnates and a religiouscrusade; throughout they were conducted on the Cossacks side by Chmielnicki, aPolish noblenan.
在他的继承人，约翰·卡齐米日的统治之下，一连串的哥萨克战争肆虐了波兰的大片地区。大致来说，哥萨克们要求4项改革：（1）宗教自由，同时取消东仪天主教会。（2）乌克兰西部的自治权。（3）增加同波兰施拉赫塔同一等级的在册哥萨克（即哥萨克正规骑兵）的数量，以及（4）改善农民的条件。这场战争往往是成为农民起义与宗教战争的联合运动；自始至终哥萨克一方由赫梅利尼斯基，一个波兰贵族，所领导。

The first Cossack war broke out in 1648. A united army ofCossacks and Tatars, soon joined by thousands of peasants, invaded Poland. Ageneral massacre of Ukraine gentry and Uniat and Roman Catholic priests ensued .Chmielnikidefeated the Poles near Pildawa but wasted valuable time in besieging various Polishforts.
第一次哥萨克战争在1648年爆发。一支哥萨克与鞑靼人的联军，之后加入了成千上万的农民，入侵了波兰。一场对乌克兰乡绅和东仪天主教和罗马天主教神父的全面的大屠杀接踵而至。赫梅利尼茨基在Pildawa击败了波兰人，但是他浪费了宝贵的时间用于围攻许多波兰要塞。

The second Cossack war broke out in 1649, after thefailure of John Kasimir’s attempt to come to terms with the Cossacks atPereyaslavl. Poland was again saved by the strength of her isolated fortress. Atreaty was arranged at Zborow in 1649, by which Chmielnicki was recognized ashetman of the Dnieper Cossacks, whose registered numbers were raised to 40,000;a general amnesty was granted; and in future all officials in the Orthodoxpalatinates of the Ukraine were to be Orthodox gentry. For eighteen monthsChmielnicki ruled the Ukraine from his headquarters at Chigirin.
在约翰·卡齐米日试图在佩列亚斯拉夫与哥萨克达成谈判协议失败后，第二次哥萨克战争与1649年爆发。波兰再次被它孤立的堡垒的力量所拯救。在1649年于兹博罗夫达成了一个和约，承认了赫梅利尼茨基是第聂伯河哥萨克的头人，在这时在册哥萨克的人数增加至了40000人；进行了一次普遍性的特赦；并且在未来在乌克兰地区所有东正教省份的官员都会是东正教士绅。在18个月内赫梅利尼茨基于他在Chigirin.的指挥部统治着乌克兰。

In 1651 the third Cossack war began. John Kasimir won abrilliant victory at Beresteczko, but owing to a rising of the peasants in Polandwas unable to exploit it fully, A new peace was settled at Biala Cerkiev in1651, by which the registered Cossacks were reduced to 20,000, Kiev Provincewas to be the only self-governing Cossack area, and Orthodox and Uniats were tohave the same rights.
在1651年第三次哥萨克战争开始了。约翰·卡齐米日在比雷什蒂什扎克赢得了一场大胜，但是由于一场在波兰的农民起义使得他无法充分利用这场胜利。1651年在比亚瓦-吉尔考签订了一个新的和约，其中在册哥萨克被减少到了20000人，基辅省是唯一一个自治的哥萨克地区，同时东正教与东仪天主教拥有同样的权利。

These warsopened the eyes of the Poles to the seriousness of Cossack opposition. TheCossacks on the other hand perceived their inability to conquer Poland unaided,while the attention of Russia was drawn to the extreme internal weakness ofPoland. The result was a rapprochement between the Cossacks and the Russians.By the Treaty of Pereyaslavl(1654), the Ukraine became a part of the RussianEmpire, the numbers of registered Cossacks were increased, and Cossacksreceived a measure of autonomy. From this, another war with Poland resulted,know as the fourth Cossack, or the Thirteen Years’, War.
这些战争让波兰人认识到了哥萨克反抗的严重性。另一方面哥萨克也认识到他们无法独立的征服波兰，同时俄罗斯的注意力被吸引到了波兰内部极端的虚弱。结果是哥萨克和俄罗斯之间的友好关系的达成。通过《佩列亚斯拉夫条约》（1654），乌克兰成为了俄罗斯帝国的一部分，在册哥萨克的数量增加了，并且哥萨克得到了一定程度的自治。这导致了又一场与波兰的战争，被称为第四次哥萨克战争或十三年战争。

At this crisis Sweden, whose power in theBaltic had been considerably increased in 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia,determined to consolidate it at the expense of Poland. Charles the tenthinvaded Poland from the north, while the Russians and Cossacks were invading itfrom the east and south-east. The Elector of Brandenburg entered West Prussia “toprotect it.”Polish resistance collapsed owing to the treachery of the nobles,who deserted to Charles in a body. John Kasimir had to fly from the country;and Poland for the first time ceased to exist as an independent nation. A Partitionwas only avoided by quarrels among the victors and by a sudden revulsion ofreligious enthusiasm and patriotism which swept over Poland. The great Polish generalCzavniecki was able to recover most of the provinces taken by Sweden and, afterthe peace of Oliva(1660), by which Livonia was ceded to Sweden, was free toturn against the Russians. During the next four years Poland recovered most ofthe eastern provinces, which had been occupied by Russia. Internal dissensions,however,——in particular the revolt(rokosz) of Lubomiski——forced Polandto accept terms advantageous to Russia at the Treaty of Andruszowo.(1667)
在这场危机中，由于1648年的《威斯特法利亚条约》而使自己在波罗的海的力量大大增强的瑞典，决定通过在波兰北部的努力来巩固自己在此地区的统治。在俄罗斯人和哥萨克在东部和东南部入侵时，瑞典国王查理十世从北部入侵波兰。勃兰登堡选帝侯以“提供保护”的名义进入西普鲁士。由于贵族全部倒向查理十世这一背叛行为，波兰的防御崩溃了。约翰·卡齐米日只得逃离这个国家；并且波兰第一次不再作为一个独立国家存在。只是因为胜利者之间的争吵以及一场出于宗教热情和爱国主义的席卷全波兰的起义才避免了一次瓜分。伟大的波兰将军查维涅茨基能够收复大部分被瑞典占领的省份，并且在割让利沃尼亚给瑞典的《奥利瓦合约》（1660）签订后，波兰能够腾出手来对抗俄罗斯。在接下来的四年里波兰收复了大部分的被俄罗斯占领的东部省份。然而，内部纠纷，尤其是卢博米尔斯基的叛乱，迫使波兰在《安德公索沃条约》（1667）中接受了对俄罗斯有利的条件。

Poland received back Vitebsk, Polotsk andPolish Livonia, but ceded Smolensk, Seversk, Czernigov and the east bank of theDnieper. Kiev was to be occupied by the Russians for two years, and the DnieperCossacks, to be under joint Russian and Polish control. Russia, however, neverrestored Kiev; and from this time onward Russian influence became paramount,first in the Ukraine and then in Poland itself.
波兰收回来维捷布斯克、波洛茨克和波兰属利沃尼亚，但是割让了斯摩棱斯克、斯武茨克、切尔尼戈夫和第聂伯河东岸。俄罗斯占领基辅两年，并且第聂伯河哥萨克由波兰和俄罗斯共同控制。然而俄罗斯从来都没有归还基辅，并且从这时起，俄罗斯的影响先是在乌克兰，之后在波兰本身，都成了最重要的因素。

第二部分完

Period Three 1669-1772Russian Ascendency To The First Partition Of Poland
Internal Affairs
Thisperiod is characterized by the complete exhaustion of Poland resulting from theprevious wars, by the selfish egoism of the ruling classes, by the prominentpart played in Poland by the European system of diplomatic competition,together with the unscrupulous use of secret service funds introduced by Louisthe fourteenth, and by the paramount influence of Russia in Polish affairs,supported at critical moments by the cynical aggression of Frederick the Great.It is the period of abuse of the liberum veto on the one hand, which was used tofoster political anarchy in the interest of foreigners, and frantic religiousintolerance on the other, which, as was the case with France and the Huguenots,deprived Poland at a critical period of an important part of her population.These tendencies together played directly into the hands of Russia with itscentralized government and single religion.
第三部分1669-1772俄罗斯的权势到第一次瓜分波兰
内政
这一时期有如下特点：波兰，由于之前的战争、统治阶级自私的利己主义、欧洲各国围绕在波兰的优势地位进行的外交竞争，联同由肆无忌惮的滥用从路易十四处引进“秘密献金”、以及由于俄罗斯在波兰事务中的至高无上的影响（他们在这一艰难时期支持腓特烈大帝见利忘义的侵略），被彻底耗尽了力量。一方面这是一个自由否决权被滥用的时期，这由于外国的利益而被用于增加无政府状态，另一方面，这是一个宗教及其不容忍的时期，正如法国和胡格诺教徒一样，在这一关键时期使波兰丧失了她人口的重要的一部分。这些趋势联系在一起，直接将波兰的中央政府和单一宗教推入了俄罗斯手中。

The nationas a whole was unable to learn the lessons of previous failures. The electionof Wisniowiecki(1669) was a protect against foreign control in Poland, but onlya partial one, as Sobieski raised a rebellion in opposition and appealed forhelp to the French, just as at a later period(1792) rebels appealed toCatherine the Great. When Sobieski was himself elected King(1674), he provedequally unable to prevent internal dissensions. He was the last king to attemptto secure a large permanent army with a view to Poland’s playing a central partin the inevitable struggle between Prussia, Russia and Austria. But thejealousy and selfishness of the szlachta, supported by a section of themagnates, were insuperable obstacles, and the Polish army was actually reduced.
整体来看这个国家不能够从以前的失败当中汲取教训。维西尼奥维茨基的当选（1669）是为防止外国控制波兰的一个举措，但是这只是一部分，其他的，比如索别斯基发动叛乱去对抗并且请求法国的援助，就像在下一个时期（1792）叛军请求叶卡捷琳娜大帝的援助一样。当索别斯基自己当选国王时（1674），他同样证明了自己不能防止内部纠纷。他是最后一个试图巩固一个强大的常备军来让波兰在不可避免的处于普鲁士、俄罗斯和奥地利之间的斗争中扮演核心角色的国王。但是由一群权贵支持的施拉赫塔的猜忌和利己主义是一个难以逾越的障碍，结果是波兰军队实际上减少了。

Theelection of Augustus the second(1698)was the last which was even nominally free.Subsequent elections were held under control of foreign bayonets.
During theGreat Northern War(1700-21), Swedes, Russians and Saxons lived on Poland andplundered it systematically. At the end of this period Poland was ruinedmaterially and politically. Agriculture, commerce and industry came to astandstill, education was non-existent, cities were depopulated, and the positionof the peasants became increasingly intolerable. After the defeat of the Swedesby the Russians at Poltava in 1709 Russia definitely intervened in Polishaffairs, reduced the Polish army, and forced what was known as the First DumbDiet to pass a series of laws unfavourable to the Poles. Augustus the second,realizing the actual state of affairs, even himself proposed that Prussia andRussia should divide Poland between them.
奥古斯特二世的当选（1698）是即使是名义上的最后一个自由的选君。之后的选举都被外国的刺刀所控制。
大北方战争期间（1700-21），瑞典人、俄罗斯人和萨克森人居住在波兰并且进行了系统的劫掠。在这一时期结束时波兰在物质上和在政治上都被毁了。农业、商业和工业陷入停滞，教育已经不存在，城市人口减少，并且农民的待遇变得越来越难以忍受。当俄罗斯人在1709年在波尔塔瓦击败瑞典人后，俄罗斯明确的干预波兰的事务，削弱波兰的军队，并且强迫召开了后来被称为“第一次愚蠢国会”的会议，通过了一系列不利于波兰的法案。奥古斯特二世了解了事情的真实情况，甚至他自己都建议普鲁士和俄罗斯分割波兰。

On hisdeath the Russian government appointed Augustus the third king(1734). He was amere nonentity; and during his reign Poland became the area of a clan strugglebetween two Parties-know as the National Party and the “Family”. The “Family”was the name given to the Czartoryskis, who were pro-Russian, but at least hada policy of qualified internal reform. The National Party consisted of thePotocki and other wealthy Lithuanian and Ukrainian families, who had noconstructive policy, but under the guise of patriotism showed the usual jealoustenacity of privileges and obstruction to all reform, typical of the Polishszlachta. A last chance of creating Polish unity occurred at the election of StanislausAugustus in 1764. Europe was then exhausted by the Seven Years’ War. But the “Family”and the National Party were unable to unite, and Frederick the Great wasallowed time to recover and come to terms with the Russian Empress Catherine.
在他死后俄罗斯政府任命奥古斯都三世为国王（1734）.他本人微不足道，而且在他的统治下波兰成了一个由于分裂成两个党派——被称为国家党和“家族”——而进行家族争斗的地方。“家族”是对亲俄罗斯但至少有一个合格的内部改革政策的扎特洛伊斯基家族的称呼。国家党包括波托茨基和其它富有的立陶宛和乌克兰家族，他们没有积极的政策，但是在爱国主义的幌子下他们显示了固守的特权和对一切改革的阻碍，是典型的施拉赫塔。最后一个创造一个统一的波兰的机会来自于斯坦尼斯罗斯·奥古斯都在1764年的当选。欧洲那时被七年战争所耗尽。但是“家族”和国家党不能够团结起来，并且腓特烈大帝有了恢复的时间并且和俄国女皇叶卡捷琳娜达成了协议。

The “Family”,in order to carry out their reforms, were more or less forced to invite Russiantroops to occupy Poland(1768) and with their support succeeded for the momentin passing various salutary measures for the administration of justice, policeand finance, and in limiting the absurd powers of some of the higher offices ofState.
“家族”为了实施他们的改革或多或少的被迫邀请俄罗斯军队占领波兰（1768），在他们的支持下暂时性成功的通过了许多在司法、警察和财政部门卓有成效的措施，并且限制了国家高级官员的一些无意义的权力。

今天是干不下去了辣鸡钢四，辣鸡P社

Genuinereforms were not, however, wanted by the Russians. The result was that theRussian minister Repnin deliberately introduced the question of giving allDissidents full political and religious liberties. This, as Russia well knew,was impossible at the time; but it would be certain to raise prejudice againstthe Czartoryskis and all their reforms, and in that case Russia could interveneand restore the old regime of legalized disorder, which sooner or later mustlead to partition. This was precisely what happened. A protest was made by themiddle-class gentry against the pro-Russian policy of the Czartoryskis; and a “confederacy”was formed at Bar in 1768, which appealed for help to France, Austria andTurkey. Turkey alone went to war against Russia and was worsted. Inconsequence, Russian power was increased to such an extent that it seemed for atime as though Austria and Freaderick the Great might have to combine againstRussia. In 1770 Frederick surrounded the northern Polish provinces with amilitary cordon, nominally to keep out the cattle plague, whilst Austria hadfor some time been steadily encroaching on Galicia. On the suppression of theBar confederacy, however, Frederick and the Empress Catherine came to terms.Between February 6th and 17th, 1772, the First Partitionof Poland was signed at St-Petersburg, and in August Austria was admitted to ashare of the spoil.
然而真正的改革并不是俄罗斯想要的。结果是俄罗斯大臣列普宁特意介绍了给予所有不同政见者以政治和宗教自由的问题。这正如俄罗斯知道的那样，在当时是不可能的；但是这必然会增加对扎特洛伊斯基和他们的改革的偏见，并且如果这样俄罗斯就可以出面介入并且恢复旧政权来使混乱合法化，这或早或晚必将会导致被瓜分。这正是那时发生的。中等贵族发表了一个针对亲俄罗斯的扎特洛伊斯基家族的抗议，并且一个“联盟”在1768年在巴尔组成，他们请求法国、奥地利和土耳其的帮助。土耳其独自发动战争反对俄罗斯并且被击败了。因此，俄罗斯的力量扩展到了好像需要奥地利和腓特烈大帝联合起来对抗俄罗斯的程度。在1770年腓特烈通过军事封锁包围了波兰的北部省份，名义上是为了防御牛瘟，同时奥地利不断蚕食着加利西亚。然而，为了镇压巴尔联盟，腓特烈和叶卡捷琳娜女皇开始了协商。在1772年2月6日至17日，第一次瓜分波兰的协议在圣彼得堡签署，并且在八月奥地利被允许分享战利品。

External Affairs
During thefirst part of this period Poland was engaged in a series of wars, first withTurkey, then with Sweden and Russia. Although Sobieski won signal victories, andby the defeat of the Turks at Vienna in 1683 saved western Europe from aMohammedan invasion, these only weakened Poland and exhausted the Ukraine. TheRusso-Swedish war, which followed in 1700-21, completed the exhaustion of thecountry. Hence, during the latter half of the period, Poland was entirely underthe control of the Russians, who deliberately prevented all Polish attempts atreformation. The obstacles to partition had practically ceased to exist; itsimply-depended on an agreement between Russia, Prussia and Austria.
外部事务
在这一时期的第一阶段，波兰进行了一系列的战争，先是与土耳其，之后是与瑞典和俄罗斯。尽管索别斯基赢得了一些标志性的胜利，并且通过在1683年在维也纳打败土耳其人将西欧从穆斯林入侵中拯救出来，但是这只是削弱了波兰并耗尽了乌克兰。紧接着，在1700-21年发生了俄罗斯与瑞典的战争，耗尽了全国的力量。因此，在后半段时期，波兰完全处于俄罗斯的控制之下，而俄罗斯故意阻止波兰的所有改革尝试。瓜分的障碍已经不存在了，它之取决于俄罗斯语普鲁士和奥地利达成的协议。

Causes of Downfall
Thedownfall of Poland can be attributed to the following causes.
(1) Thepolicy of Russia hindered Poland from setting her own house in order.
(2) Theaggressive policy of Frederick the Great finally robbed Poland of the mostvital provinces.
(3) Withthe exception of the Carpathian range in the south, and possibly the marshes onthe east and north-east, Polish frontiers were strategically weak. The centralposition of Poland made the country liable to simultaneous attacks fromdifferent side. Moreover, Poland was not content with her ethnologicalfrontiers. The proper Polish sphere of expansion lay in the west and north, inthe Polish spheres of Silesia, Pomerania and Prussia, facing the Baltic Sea.
衰落的原因
波兰的衰败可以归于以下原因。
（1） 俄罗斯的政策阻止了波兰建立自己的秩序。
（2） 腓特烈大帝的侵略政策最终抢夺了波兰的最重要的省份。
（3） 除了南部的喀尔巴阡山地区，可能还有东部及东北部的沼泽之外，波兰的边界在战略上十分虚弱。波兰的中心位置使得这个国家易遭受来自不同方向的同时进攻。同时，波兰并不满足于她民族的边界。波兰的范围向西部和北部膨胀，向西里西亚、波美拉尼亚和普鲁士延伸，直到波罗的海。