男人也要顶半边天了-male birth control

前几天的hufftington post上一篇男性避孕的最前沿科技报道:

Male Birth Control Treatment Could Focus on Sperm Proteins, Not Hormones.

The Future Of Male Birth Control


By: Dr. Jamin Brahmbhatt, South Lake Hospital Published: 03/21/2016 on LiveScience

Dr. Jamin Brahmbhatt is co-director of The Personalized Urology & Robotics (PUR) Clinic at South Lake Hospital, in affiliation with Orlando Health. He contributed this article to Live Science’s Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.

In the next few years, men may have more options for birth control than ever before. Researchers are developing, and already testing, a number of new methods in China and India, and in Europe, an implantable on/off switch developed by a German carpenter is generating a lot of buzz. The switch, known as the Bimek SLV, has been tested on only one man so far — Clemens Bimek, the guy who invented it — but it’s garnering a lot of attention.

I guess if you develop a new method for contraception, you should be the first to try it. But for the rest of us, there is too much at stake to experiment with birth control. With that in mind, here is a rundown of various methods: what’s known, what’s not known and what’s next (including more on that on/off switch).

What’s Known

First, here is what we know works. You’re probably well aware of these methods, but it’s worth reiterating that these are the only tried and true methods on this list. So, if birth control is your goal, these are your best bets.

Vasectomy: A procedure used to block, cut or close the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm. Vasectomies are quick, relatively painless and nearly 100 percent effective — eventually. It’s important to remember that it can take several months for remaining sperm to completely clear the vas deferens. In the meantime, pregnancy is still possible. A doctor will conduct semen analysis tests in the months following the procedure, but men should remember to take additional birth control precautions until they get the “all clear” from their physician. A vasectomy is one of the most effective forms of birth control, but it does come with some risks. For example, the tubes could reconnect, or the procedure could result in chronic pain. Therefore, before undergoing a vasectomy, men should be sure to ask their doctor the right questions.

Condoms: When used properly, condoms are also nearly 100 percent effective. The problem is, men make mistakes, and user error is the biggest reason for driving down condoms’ effectiveness to 82 percent. That means that, for every 100 couples that use only condoms as birth control, 18 will be shopping for cribs at some point this year. When it comes to condoms, patience and practice make perfect. Well, nearly perfect — so be careful to use them properly.

Abstinence or withdrawal: The only sure way to completely avoid pregnancy is to avoid having sexual intercourse. If that’s not possible, the withdrawal method is 96 percent effective if you do it right, but only 73 percent effective if your timing is off. Also, though the jury is still out on a definitive answer, some experts believe that clear fluid that appears before ejaculation can contain enough sperm to cause pregnancy.

What’s Not Known

Do-it-yourself heat methods: There are a lot of anecdotes about the effectiveness of using heat as a natural contraceptive. It’s imperative to remember, however, that these are not definitively proven methods of birth control. Some claim that sitting in a hot tub or sauna for an extended period of time works. Others claim that wearing tight, brief-style underwear raises the core temperature of the testes, which causes a decrease in sperm count.

In the 1950s, Dr. Martha Voegeli a Swiss physician and pioneer in the field of male contraception, had men in India sit in tubs of water heated to 116 degrees Fahrenheit (about 47 degrees Celsius). Taking 45-minute baths for 21 straight days resulted in six months of contraception, she claimed, although her work was never published. Others suggest that men expose themselves to incandescent light bulbs as a means of contraception, but in my opinion, that’s not the brightest idea.

Herbal options for men: We are not there yet, but some claim there are herbal and natural supplements that come in pill form that can act as birth control. Gossypol, derived from cottonseed, has been studied in China, Africa and Brazil. It appears to be well tolerated and effective in low doses, but the National Institutes of Health cautions that the results of extended use may not be reversible. Tripterygium wilfordii is another herb that may hold promise. Derived from a vine that grows in southern China, it has been used to treat everything from fever to hepatitis to rheumatoid arthritis. Although it’s been studied extensively in China, most studies have been in animals or are retrospective studies in men. The bottom line is that it may not be easy to find these herbs, and there are no absolute guarantees that they work.

What’s Next

The “on/off” switch: Technically known as the Bimek SLV, these small switches are surgically implanted just under the skin, and around the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from each testicle. Through the skin, you can flip the switch “on,” and sperm flow freely. Switch it to the “off” position, and much like turning off a faucet, the tubes are blocked, and the sperm is diverted. There is even a “safety lock” that requires pushing two buttons simultaneously to turn the switches back on. The switches are still in the testing stage and are likely years away from commercial use, but it’s one of the more novel approaches to male contraception in decades. [Guys, Put a Cork In It: Tomorrow’s Contraceptives ]

Vasalgel: Another approach that’s showing promise is an injectable polymer called Vasalgel. Instead of performing a surgical vasectomy to sever the vas deferens, doctors inject a gel that blocks them. Sperm are too large to pass through the gel and are reabsorbed by the body. If a man wishes to reverse the process, he gets a second injection that dissolves the polymer and reopens the vas deferens tubes. The first clinical trial of Vasalgel is expected to begin this year.

Clean Sheets Pill: Researchers in the United Kingdom are hoping to develop a temporary, on-the-spot pill that men can take that may dramatically inhibit the release of semen. The pill was discovered inadvertently after researchers noticed side effects of common medications intended to treat conditions like high blood pressure and schizophrenia. Though it’s only been tested in animals so far, it offers a variety of benefits: It’s easy, it works (at least in animals), and the effects are immediate but temporary. The drawbacks? Will men really take responsibility for buying, carrying and stopping to take a pill before sex? A survey of Americans conducted by the Parsemus Foundation men found that 60 percent wanted to learn more about the pill, and 20 percent flat out said no, they would not take a pill — but 20 percent said they definitely would. That’s a higher percentage than the portion of men who say they use condoms, so there still may be hope for the Clean Sheets Pill.

We may be years away from viable new options for male birth control, but we are moving in that direction. Most research is currently taking place in areas where birth control is more urgent due to population spikes, like China, India and Africa. The idea and the products will eventually find their way to the United States, provided they are alluring enough to investors and attractive enough to a large number of men.

But please remember: Birth control does not equal protection from sexually transmitted diseases. You still have to protect yourself by taking steps like practicing monogamy, limiting your number of sexual partners and wearing a condom.

Follow all of the Expert Voices issues and debates — and become part of the discussion — on Facebook, Twitter andGoogle+. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This version of the article was originally published on Live Science .

Essure Birth Control Controversy: 5 Things You Should Know
Male Birth Control Treatment Could Focus on Sperm Proteins, Not Hormones
Best Birth Control for Teens: Implants, IUDs


楼主 玛雅咖啡  发布于 2016-03-26 05:19:00 +0800 CST  
哈,这么懒,这不,中文了:)男人要求解放了。
。。

雅悯Brahmbhatt的博士,南湖医院发布时间:2016年3月21日上生活科学

布拉姆巴特悯博士是个性化的泌尿外科与机器人(PUR)诊所在南湖医院与卫生奥兰多联合导演,在隶属关系。他贡献了这篇文章,以现场科学的专家声音:社论与观点。

在未来的几年里,男人可能有比以往节育更多的选择。研究人员正在开发,并已进行测试,一些在中国和印度的新方法,并在欧洲,由德国木匠发展On / Off开关可植入正在产生大量的谣言。开关,被称为Bimek SLV,已经过测试,迄今只有一个人 - 克莱门斯Bimek,谁发明的家伙 - 但它赢得了不少的关注。

我想如果你开发避孕的新方法,你应该是第一个尝试。但对于我们其余的人,有太多的股份,以实验节育。考虑到这一点,这里是各种方法概要:什么是已知的,什么是不知道的,什么是下一个(包括更多的是ON / OFF开关)。

什么是已知

首先,这里是我们所知道的作品。你可能清楚地知道这些方法,但它是值得重申的是,这些都是这个名单上唯一的尝试和真正的方法。所以,如果节育是你的目标,这些都是你最好的赌注。

输精管切除术:用于阻断,切断或关闭输精管,携带精子管的过程。输精管结扎术是快,相对无痛近100%有效 - 最终。重要的是要记住,这可能需要数月剩余的精子完全清除输精管是很重要的。在此期间,怀孕仍然是可能的。医生将进行以下步骤在几个月精液分析测试,但男人要记得采取额外的控制生育的预防措施,直到他们得到了“全部清除”,从他们的医生。输精管结扎术是最有效的避孕措施之一,但它确实带有一定的风险。例如,该管可以重新连接,或该过程可能导致慢性疼痛。因此,接受输精管切除术之前,男人应该一定要问医生正确的问题。

避孕套:如果使用得当,避孕套也接近100%有效。问题是,男人犯错,和用户错误是拉低安全套的有效性,以82%的最大原因。这意味着,每100对夫妇使用安全套只是作为生育控制,18将在某个时候,今年逛街买婴儿床。当谈到安全套,耐心和实践使完美。好吧,近乎完美的 - 所以要小心正确地使用它们。

节欲或停药:唯一肯定的方式完全避免怀孕是避免性交。如果这是不可能的,计提方法是96%有效的,如果你这样做是正确的,但如果你的时间是关闭的只有73%有效。此外,虽然陪审团仍然是在一个明确的答案,有专家认为,射精之前出现明显的流体可以包含足够的精子造成怀孕。

什么是不知道

做自己动手热的方法:现在有很多关于使用热作为一种自然避孕的有效性轶事。这是迫切需要记住,但是,这些都无法确切证明节育方法。有人声称,坐在热水浴缸或桑拿时间的作品较长的时间。有些人则认为穿紧身,短暂式内衣引起睾丸的核心温度,这会导致精子数量减少。

在20世纪50年代,玛莎Voegeli博士瑞士医生和先驱男性避孕领域,有男子在印度坐加热至116华氏度(约47摄氏度)的水浴缸。以45分钟为浴场导致在六个月内避孕21连续天,她声称,虽然她的工作是从来没有出版。其他人认为男人自己暴露在白炽灯泡作为避孕的手段,但在我看来,这不是最聪明的想法。

男性草本选项:我们现在还没有,但一些声称有一些进来的药丸,可以作为节育行为草药和天然补品。棉酚,棉籽衍生,已经研究在中国,非洲和巴西。这似乎是很好的耐受性,有效的低剂量,但美国国立卫生研究院警告说,长期使用的结果可能不可逆的。雷公藤是,可能有希望另一草本植物。从生长在中国南方葡萄派生,它已被用于治疗一切从发烧到肝炎风湿性关节炎。尽管它已经在中国广泛的研究,大部分的研究已经在动物或在人回顾性研究。底线是,它可能不容易发现这些草药,并且没有,他们的工作绝对保证。

下一步是什么

“开/关”开关:技术上称为Bimek SLV,这些小交换机手术刚刚在皮肤下植入,和周围的输精管,从每个睾丸携带精子的管中。通过皮肤,你可以翻转开关“上”和精子自由流动。它切换到“关”的位置,并且很像关闭水龙头,管被阻塞,精子被转移。甚至有一个“安全锁”,需要同时按两个按钮来打开开关重新打开。开关仍处于测试阶段,距离商业用途可能几年的时间,但它是比较新颖的一个接近男性避孕十年的历史。 [伙计们,把一个软木塞它:明天的避孕药]

Vasalgel:另一种方法是显示出的承诺,是一个叫Vasalgel注射的聚合物。相反,进行外科输精管结扎切断输精管,医生注射的凝胶阻止他们。精子太大穿过凝胶和被人体吸收。如果一个人想扭转这个过程中,他得到溶解聚合物并重新打开输精管第二次注射。 Vasalgel的第一个临床试验预计将在今年开始。

失球丸:研究人员在英国希望建立一个临时的,在现场丸,男人可以采取的可能极大地抑制精子的释放。避孕药被无意间发现后,研究人员发现用于治疗像高血压和精神分裂症条件常见的药物副作用。虽然它只有在动物身上进行测试,到目前为止,它提供了多种好处:这很容易,它的工作原理(至少在动物),而且效果是立竿见影的,但是暂时的。缺点?男人会真的采取购买,携带和停止采取性交前一丸责任?美国人由Parsemus基金会名男性进行的一项调查发现,60%的人希望更多地了解避孕药,20%持平出来说没有,他们不会吃药 - 但有20%的人表示他们肯定会。这比男性说,他们谁使用安全套的部分比例较高,因此仍有可能对丢球丸的希望。

我们可能是年内男性节育可行的新的选择了,但我们正在朝着这个方向努力。目前大多数的研究正在发生在生育控制更为迫切由于人口暴涨,像中国,印度和非洲地区。这个想法和产品最终会发现他们对美国的方式,前提是它们诱人足够的投资者和有足够的吸引力了大量的人。

但请记住:节育并不等于保护性病。你仍然有通过采取像练一夫一妻制的步骤,限制你的性伴侣的数量和戴安全套来保护自己。

遵守所有的专家声音问题和争论 - 并成为讨论的一部分 - 在Facebook,Twitter的andGoogle +。表达的观点是作者的,并不一定反映出版者的看法。该文章的版本最初发表于活学。

Essure节育争议:5事情你应该知道
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楼主 玛雅咖啡  发布于 2016-03-26 11:05:23 +0800 CST  

楼主:玛雅咖啡

字数:10752

发表时间:2016-03-26 13:19:00 +0800 CST

更新时间:2017-09-08 16:07:21 +0800 CST

评论数:49条评论

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