翻译：美国蒙大拿级设计史
资料來源：https
://stefsap.wordpress.com/2015/12/05/montana-class-genesis/Norman Friedman: US Battleships, An Illustrated Design History
Norman Friedman: Battleship Design and Development
Dulin & Garzke: US Battleships; various internet sources
请原谅我的渣翻译
Montana class general overview
蒙大拿级概述
Last and final battleship class designed for the United States Navy with design process starting in paralel to the BB-61 Iowa class after the escalator clauses of the 2nd London Treaty were triggered in 1938-39. Originally the concept started it’s life as an enlarged BB-57 South Dakota type ship and was considered as the continuation of the traditional, heavily armed and armored but slow USN style battleship line with BB-61 being an offspring fast type. As the design progressed during 1940 more and more protection was requested as the full potential of the Mark 7 16″ gun was being realized with the new, 2700lb super-heavy shell – all this in addition to a heavier main and secondary armament. Several variations were tried with many combinations of main and secondary armaments, protection and speed ranging from lowly 14″ gunned variants to the huge 300+ meters long BB-65-8 that had best of all worlds.
蒙大拿是美国海军最后设计的战列舰。在第二次伦敦海军條约的 escalator clauses條款生效后，就开展了蒙大拿的设计，一和BB61Iowa依阿华级平行的项目。在设计初期，蒙大拿基本上是一放大的BB57南达科他级，是一重装甲、航速慢典型的美国战列舰设计，而BB61依阿华级则是一个高航速的分支。當16寸2700磅超重弹在1940年研发成功后，人们被迫不断加强新舰的装甲防御，以抵御发射超重弹Mark 7炮的攻击，同时主副武器也得到加强。设计过程中湧现出武器、装甲及航速三方面各种组合的设计方案，其中包括装备14寸炮的设计，乃至300米长、各项性能均为世界顶尖的BB-65-8设计。
Early variants were interesting in that the designers looked at quadruple 16″ turrets with twin 6″ DP guns as secondary batteries. The quad turret proved to be too heavy and the 6″ DP secondaries were simply not ready in time for the design – also the number that could be carried was only 12 guns, 6 per broadside (which is even with auto loading guns would provide somewhat low volume of fire.)
不少早期的设计均採用了4联406mm主炮及152mm高平兩用炮。這2项设计特色均被放弃。4联406mm主炮重量太大。152mm高平兩用炮设计不成熟，加上全舰只能安装一共12门炮，即每侧6门，火力密度不足。
Later when the fresh war meant relaxation of all artificial (that is political) limits a full spectrum study was prepared: now with the main armament settled at 12-16″/50 guns in four triple turrets even the smallest ships come in at 51.000 tons and at the other end of the spectrum sat two monsters of 67.000 tons standard/80.000 tons fully loaded displacement with a length of 1050/1100 feet. These numbers are even more impressive if we take into consideration that these ships would have been built with a fully welded construction, meaning approx. 5% weight saving compared to riveted construction more commonly used by other navies.
條约因战争爆发失效，去除了对新舰的吨位限制。之后的设计方案均装备了4座3联一共12门16''/50主炮，最小的设计为51000长吨，最大2个的设计标排及滿排分别达67000长吨及80000长吨，舰长度为300米。新舰將用全焊接方式建造，和當時其他国家的铆接方式相比能減少5%的重量，這使這些數字显得更加令人深刻。
The final series of designs returned to the 60-61.000 tons standard mark but even that was almost twice the size of only the previous generation ships (BB-55/57 classes) – and most of the extra weight was invested into extra protection while the main armament grew only a mere 30% in the number of barrels while keeping the same caliber. This factor alone demonstrated very well that gun technology was advancing faster than passive protection and if battleships are to be kept for the future a new standard of protection has to be reached – and quite probably the Montana class would have established the new standard battleship type of the USN, just like the Nevada class did at the outbreak of WWI.
最后的一批设计吨位下降到60000-61000长吨，几乎是之前的BB55北卡及BB57南达的兩倍。大部分増加的重量都用在了加强装甲防御上，火力只增加了30%。這显示出火炮攻击力的发展速度已经超过了军舰被动防御的发展速度。如果战列舰要在未来存在，就必须將其防御力标准提高到一新的高度。而蒙大拿级可能会像一战前的內华达级一样，成为美国海军新一代的标准战列舰。
Also interesting to note that this was the first USN design that had a wider beam than the Panama Canal’s existing locks – but a new set of locks was in planning just paralel with the design of this class.
蒙大拿级的是美国海军首个舰宽大于當時巴拿马运河船闸的设计。但當時已经计划建造一更宽的船闸，如果一切顺利，蒙大拿级可以经新船闸通过巴拿马运河。
Montana class general overview
蒙大拿级概述
Last and final battleship class designed for the United States Navy with design process starting in paralel to the BB-61 Iowa class after the escalator clauses of the 2nd London Treaty were triggered in 1938-39. Originally the concept started it’s life as an enlarged BB-57 South Dakota type ship and was considered as the continuation of the traditional, heavily armed and armored but slow USN style battleship line with BB-61 being an offspring fast type. As the design progressed during 1940 more and more protection was requested as the full potential of the Mark 7 16″ gun was being realized with the new, 2700lb super-heavy shell – all this in addition to a heavier main and secondary armament. Several variations were tried with many combinations of main and secondary armaments, protection and speed ranging from lowly 14″ gunned variants to the huge 300+ meters long BB-65-8 that had best of all worlds.
蒙大拿是美国海军最后设计的战列舰。在第二次伦敦海军條约的 escalator clauses條款生效后，就开展了蒙大拿的设计，一和BB61Iowa依阿华级平行的项目。在设计初期，蒙大拿基本上是一放大的BB57南达科他级，是一重装甲、航速慢典型的美国战列舰设计，而BB61依阿华级则是一个高航速的分支。當16寸2700磅超重弹在1940年研发成功后，人们被迫不断加强新舰的装甲防御，以抵御发射超重弹Mark 7炮的攻击，同时主副武器也得到加强。设计过程中湧现出武器、装甲及航速三方面各种组合的设计方案，其中包括装备14寸炮的设计，乃至300米长、各项性能均为世界顶尖的BB-65-8设计。
Early variants were interesting in that the designers looked at quadruple 16″ turrets with twin 6″ DP guns as secondary batteries. The quad turret proved to be too heavy and the 6″ DP secondaries were simply not ready in time for the design – also the number that could be carried was only 12 guns, 6 per broadside (which is even with auto loading guns would provide somewhat low volume of fire.)
不少早期的设计均採用了4联406mm主炮及152mm高平兩用炮。這2项设计特色均被放弃。4联406mm主炮重量太大。152mm高平兩用炮设计不成熟，加上全舰只能安装一共12门炮，即每侧6门，火力密度不足。
Later when the fresh war meant relaxation of all artificial (that is political) limits a full spectrum study was prepared: now with the main armament settled at 12-16″/50 guns in four triple turrets even the smallest ships come in at 51.000 tons and at the other end of the spectrum sat two monsters of 67.000 tons standard/80.000 tons fully loaded displacement with a length of 1050/1100 feet. These numbers are even more impressive if we take into consideration that these ships would have been built with a fully welded construction, meaning approx. 5% weight saving compared to riveted construction more commonly used by other navies.
條约因战争爆发失效，去除了对新舰的吨位限制。之后的设计方案均装备了4座3联一共12门16''/50主炮，最小的设计为51000长吨，最大2个的设计标排及滿排分别达67000长吨及80000长吨，舰长度为300米。新舰將用全焊接方式建造，和當時其他国家的铆接方式相比能減少5%的重量，這使這些數字显得更加令人深刻。
The final series of designs returned to the 60-61.000 tons standard mark but even that was almost twice the size of only the previous generation ships (BB-55/57 classes) – and most of the extra weight was invested into extra protection while the main armament grew only a mere 30% in the number of barrels while keeping the same caliber. This factor alone demonstrated very well that gun technology was advancing faster than passive protection and if battleships are to be kept for the future a new standard of protection has to be reached – and quite probably the Montana class would have established the new standard battleship type of the USN, just like the Nevada class did at the outbreak of WWI.
最后的一批设计吨位下降到60000-61000长吨，几乎是之前的BB55北卡及BB57南达的兩倍。大部分増加的重量都用在了加强装甲防御上，火力只增加了30%。這显示出火炮攻击力的发展速度已经超过了军舰被动防御的发展速度。如果战列舰要在未来存在，就必须將其防御力标准提高到一新的高度。而蒙大拿级可能会像一战前的內华达级一样，成为美国海军新一代的标准战列舰。
Also interesting to note that this was the first USN design that had a wider beam than the Panama Canal’s existing locks – but a new set of locks was in planning just paralel with the design of this class.
蒙大拿级的是美国海军首个舰宽大于當時巴拿马运河船闸的设计。但當時已经计划建造一更宽的船闸，如果一切顺利，蒙大拿级可以经新船闸通过巴拿马运河。
Preliminary Designs
设计方案
===================================
First series of designs were done in 1939, all were made to adhere to the 45.000 tons standard displacement limit, set by the 2nd London Treaty’s escalator clause. Another clause also permitted gun caliber to be raised to 16″ back from the previous 14″.
第一批设计于1939年完成，這些设计都遵守了第2次伦敦海军條约escalator clause中，战列舰吨位及主炮口径不能超过45000长吨及16''的规定。
July 1939 (Please note that hull no. BB-65 was hoped to be the first ship built to this design at that date)
1939年7月(當時蒙大拿首舰编号是BB65)
*ns= normal shell 2240 pounds; hs= heavy shell 2700 pounds; all designs were capable of 27.5 knots speed.
ns=2240磅普通弹，hs=2700磅超重弹，所有设计的航速均为27.5節。IZ=免疫区
Reportedly the 16″/50 quadruple turret was not well liked, though it offered nice savings in weight and optimization in other characteristics. The cited reasons were too high rotating weight (400t more vs the triple turret) and an extremely large cut in the strength deck – therefore requiring extra strengthening in structure and foundations, plus increased electrical capacity to supply the bigger motors needed for turning and elevation of the guns.
4联主炮的设计不是很受欢迎。採用4联16''/50主炮可以有效節约吨位并且优化战舰其他方面的设计，但会造成3个缺点，一是是炮塔重量过大(比3联炮塔重400t)；二是需要对舰的结构進行额外强化，以弥补在结构甲板开大缺口安装炮座所造成的结构强度下降；三是需要额外电力以驱动负责炮塔转动及火炮俯仰的马达。
Very interesting is that the IZ was calculated in many cases against the 16″/56 Mark 4 gun, a prototype that was a linered down 18″/48 gun and was by far the best belt penetrator among any BB guns ever built and test fired. On the other hand the 16″/45 Mark 6 was taken as standard for deck protection as it’s ballistic characteristics were better suited for deck penetration then the later Mark 7 50-cal length weapon – the letter one being a middle ground.
值得注意的是，很多设计的免疫区计对的火炮是16''/56 Mark 4试验炮，該炮威力可和18''/48相比，它们是世界上所有制造並且试射过的战列舰主炮中穿透力最强的。此外，由于16''/45的水平穿深比16''/50好，因此水平防御方面以抵御16''/45为衡量标准。16''/50的表现介于16''/56及16''/50之间。
Design A was essentially a BB-57 with one turret added and guns changed from Mark 6 to 7, while design B tried 6″/47 DP guns (which pushed the displ. well over 45.000 tons). The low number of secondary guns was not liked, but adding 4 extra guns would cost almost 500 tons direct weight plus more in armored volume. The C series tried the quadruple turret concepts and weight saved was invested in extra protection versus better guns and/or the heavy shell. Generally using the better guns meant a good 8 kiloyards shrinking of the IZ, leaving the versions protected on BB-61 scale (12.1″ belt with 19 degree inclination + 4.75″ main AD) with only 6.000 yards of IZ. If one adds the 2700 pound shells into the mix then these ships have no or even negative protection – BB65-C4 with increased belt restored this to a mere 4 kyard wide IZ, not too much, especially with a speed of only 27 knots. Why this is important is that it shows very well that no matter how large a battleship design grows the principle of armoring them against their own shells means that even these colossal ships are very tightly constructed.
A设计是増加了一个炮塔并且將主炮由Mark 6改成Mark 7的BB-57南达科他级。B设计將副武器改为6''/47高平兩用炮，使吨位远超45000长吨。副炮数量大幅减少，导致火力密度不足。如果増加4门炮便会直接增加500长吨的重量，而且还没萛上额外増加的装甲重量。C系列嘗试採用4联主炮，節约的重量用于増加装甲防御，以更好地抵御更大口径的主炮或者更重的炮弹。
一般來说採用更好的炮將减少8000码的免疫区，這使南达的防御系统只剩下6000码的免疫区。如果再加上超重弹這个因素，這些设计的免疫区指标便会倒退。BB65-C4增厚了装甲带，但免疫区也只有4000码，而且航速也只有27節。這显示在战舰必需对自己的主炮有免疫区的标准下，即使战舰的吨位十分庞大，设计师仍需费尽心机尽力利用吨位。
Designs F-J were all in search of better protection by sacrificing some firepower, either one triple turret or caliber reduction to 14″ -non of them too attractive for fans of firepower (and what’s the point of a huge BB if not that? :)). Interestingly the designers of the time were thinking along the same lines and contemplated using the 18″/47 Mark A and the 16″/56 Mark 4 (physically the very same gun as well but the idea was dropped for now as the gun proved too heavy (~190 tons per gun) to provide more than 6-7 guns on 45 ktons while keeping a good enough protection. What’s more the 16″/56 had a barrel life of only 120 shots which was barely above the usual allotment of 100 rounds per gun. Also as tests somewhat later proved the existing 16″/50 Mark 7 with the super-heavy shell was more than capable of penetrating anything afloat at that time (the USN had no firm idea in 1939-40 about the size and main armament of the Yamato class, though rumors circulated about the use of 18″ weapons).
设计F-J将武器数量削弱，由减少一座3联炮塔甚至將口径改为14''。這些方案很快就被打入冷宫。如果火力得不到加强，那么造更大的战列舰有什么意义呢？值得一提的是，當時设计师曾打算在新舰上使用18''/47 Mark A或者16''/56 Mark 4。但由于這些新炮的重量达每门190长吨，在保证防御力的前提下一45000长吨的战舰只能安装6-7门炮。此外，16''/56的炮管壽命只有120发，僅比每门炮100发的备弹高一点。之后的测试也表明现有的16''/50 Mark 7使用超重弹時可以轻易击穿所有战列舰。因此採用更大威力主炮的想法被放弃。(當時美国海军完全不知道大和的性能指标，尽管有消息指大和將装备18''炮，但美国海军沒有採信這一消息。)
设计方案
===================================
First series of designs were done in 1939, all were made to adhere to the 45.000 tons standard displacement limit, set by the 2nd London Treaty’s escalator clause. Another clause also permitted gun caliber to be raised to 16″ back from the previous 14″.
第一批设计于1939年完成，這些设计都遵守了第2次伦敦海军條约escalator clause中，战列舰吨位及主炮口径不能超过45000长吨及16''的规定。
July 1939 (Please note that hull no. BB-65 was hoped to be the first ship built to this design at that date)
1939年7月(當時蒙大拿首舰编号是BB65)
*ns= normal shell 2240 pounds; hs= heavy shell 2700 pounds; all designs were capable of 27.5 knots speed.
ns=2240磅普通弹，hs=2700磅超重弹，所有设计的航速均为27.5節。IZ=免疫区
Reportedly the 16″/50 quadruple turret was not well liked, though it offered nice savings in weight and optimization in other characteristics. The cited reasons were too high rotating weight (400t more vs the triple turret) and an extremely large cut in the strength deck – therefore requiring extra strengthening in structure and foundations, plus increased electrical capacity to supply the bigger motors needed for turning and elevation of the guns.
4联主炮的设计不是很受欢迎。採用4联16''/50主炮可以有效節约吨位并且优化战舰其他方面的设计，但会造成3个缺点，一是是炮塔重量过大(比3联炮塔重400t)；二是需要对舰的结构進行额外强化，以弥补在结构甲板开大缺口安装炮座所造成的结构强度下降；三是需要额外电力以驱动负责炮塔转动及火炮俯仰的马达。
Very interesting is that the IZ was calculated in many cases against the 16″/56 Mark 4 gun, a prototype that was a linered down 18″/48 gun and was by far the best belt penetrator among any BB guns ever built and test fired. On the other hand the 16″/45 Mark 6 was taken as standard for deck protection as it’s ballistic characteristics were better suited for deck penetration then the later Mark 7 50-cal length weapon – the letter one being a middle ground.
值得注意的是，很多设计的免疫区计对的火炮是16''/56 Mark 4试验炮，該炮威力可和18''/48相比，它们是世界上所有制造並且试射过的战列舰主炮中穿透力最强的。此外，由于16''/45的水平穿深比16''/50好，因此水平防御方面以抵御16''/45为衡量标准。16''/50的表现介于16''/56及16''/50之间。
Design A was essentially a BB-57 with one turret added and guns changed from Mark 6 to 7, while design B tried 6″/47 DP guns (which pushed the displ. well over 45.000 tons). The low number of secondary guns was not liked, but adding 4 extra guns would cost almost 500 tons direct weight plus more in armored volume. The C series tried the quadruple turret concepts and weight saved was invested in extra protection versus better guns and/or the heavy shell. Generally using the better guns meant a good 8 kiloyards shrinking of the IZ, leaving the versions protected on BB-61 scale (12.1″ belt with 19 degree inclination + 4.75″ main AD) with only 6.000 yards of IZ. If one adds the 2700 pound shells into the mix then these ships have no or even negative protection – BB65-C4 with increased belt restored this to a mere 4 kyard wide IZ, not too much, especially with a speed of only 27 knots. Why this is important is that it shows very well that no matter how large a battleship design grows the principle of armoring them against their own shells means that even these colossal ships are very tightly constructed.
A设计是増加了一个炮塔并且將主炮由Mark 6改成Mark 7的BB-57南达科他级。B设计將副武器改为6''/47高平兩用炮，使吨位远超45000长吨。副炮数量大幅减少，导致火力密度不足。如果増加4门炮便会直接增加500长吨的重量，而且还没萛上额外増加的装甲重量。C系列嘗试採用4联主炮，節约的重量用于増加装甲防御，以更好地抵御更大口径的主炮或者更重的炮弹。
一般來说採用更好的炮將减少8000码的免疫区，這使南达的防御系统只剩下6000码的免疫区。如果再加上超重弹這个因素，這些设计的免疫区指标便会倒退。BB65-C4增厚了装甲带，但免疫区也只有4000码，而且航速也只有27節。這显示在战舰必需对自己的主炮有免疫区的标准下，即使战舰的吨位十分庞大，设计师仍需费尽心机尽力利用吨位。
Designs F-J were all in search of better protection by sacrificing some firepower, either one triple turret or caliber reduction to 14″ -non of them too attractive for fans of firepower (and what’s the point of a huge BB if not that? :)). Interestingly the designers of the time were thinking along the same lines and contemplated using the 18″/47 Mark A and the 16″/56 Mark 4 (physically the very same gun as well but the idea was dropped for now as the gun proved too heavy (~190 tons per gun) to provide more than 6-7 guns on 45 ktons while keeping a good enough protection. What’s more the 16″/56 had a barrel life of only 120 shots which was barely above the usual allotment of 100 rounds per gun. Also as tests somewhat later proved the existing 16″/50 Mark 7 with the super-heavy shell was more than capable of penetrating anything afloat at that time (the USN had no firm idea in 1939-40 about the size and main armament of the Yamato class, though rumors circulated about the use of 18″ weapons).
设计F-J将武器数量削弱，由减少一座3联炮塔甚至將口径改为14''。這些方案很快就被打入冷宫。如果火力得不到加强，那么造更大的战列舰有什么意义呢？值得一提的是，當時设计师曾打算在新舰上使用18''/47 Mark A或者16''/56 Mark 4。但由于這些新炮的重量达每门190长吨，在保证防御力的前提下一45000长吨的战舰只能安装6-7门炮。此外，16''/56的炮管壽命只有120发，僅比每门炮100发的备弹高一点。之后的测试也表明现有的16''/50 Mark 7使用超重弹時可以轻易击穿所有战列舰。因此採用更大威力主炮的想法被放弃。(當時美国海军完全不知道大和的性能指标，尽管有消息指大和將装备18''炮，但美国海军沒有採信這一消息。)
Jan-February 1940
1940年1-2月
With the Second World War progressing international treaties were abandoned and this opened up the political gates even for naval designers, which was exactly the case for theMontana class developers. Not only that but in February 1940 the Secretary of the Navy (thanks in no small part to the agitation of said developers) ordered a third set of locks built for the Panama-canal, with a lock-width of 140 feet, thus removing the age old limitation of 108 foot beams for US Navy ships. These two factors basically meant that sanity (ie operational practicalities, time and money) remained the only limiting factor for new battleship construction. So came the Construction and Repair division of the USN who was responsible for ship preliminary designs at that time and produced a spectrum study of no less than 12 new designs that still bore the BB-65 designation as Congress only ordered battleships up to BB-64, and those still to the BB-61 Iowa design. Since the previous range of designs showed that a main armament of 12-16″/50s in four triple turrets is the most desired layout all the new ships had this main feature.
海军條约因二战爆发成了废纸，而且海军于1940年2月宣布计划为巴拿马运河建造第三个宽140英尺的船闸，等于取消了以往军舰舰宽108英尺的限制。這对设计师是一个好消息，這意味着可建造性及造价成了新舰的惟一限制。于是美国海军修造局便设计了至少12个新设计。由于国会没有订购新战列舰，因此它们仍以BB-65命名，並且根据之前的设计经验，都採用了4座3联炮塔這种最优布局。
(BB65-3)
(BB65-4)
First they went back to a stretched South Dakota variant (BB65-1) that was capable of 27.5 knots with the same powerplant (130.000 SHP) as said ship and was protected between 20-30kyards against it’s own guns (15.3″ belt and 5.5″ deck). This variant came out at a fairly good 51.300 tons, though it only had the same secondary battery. A newly developed 5″ gun, the 5″/54 Mark 16 was suggested by BuOrd in place of the 6″/47 DP Mark 16 as a good compromise between gun performance and weight. So design BB-65-2 was the same as BB-65-1 but secondaries were replaced with the 5″/54 guns and the ship stretched by another 20 feet to accommodate this. Faster variants were looked at as well that utilized the Iowa type powerplant (212.000 SHP) which could drive a 1000 foot long by 115 foot wide 58.000 ton hull at a speed of 31.8 knots – a hoped for 33 knots speed would require a calculated 318.000 SHP (and probably 6 shafts), this was BB-Y1. Alternatively a somewhat smaller, 61.000 ton hull could be driven at 34 knots+ by the same plant.
BB65-1是一安装了4座3联主炮的南达科他，副武器不变；有13万马力，航速为27.5節；有15.3''装甲带及5.5''甲板，对自己主炮免疫区为2万-3万码，吨位为51300长吨。BuOrd建议在新舰上採用新研制的5''/54高平兩用炮，該炮在5''/38及6''副炮在性能及重量兩个矛盾之间，取得很好的平衡。因此便有了BB65-2，除了舰长延长了20英尺及採用5''/54炮外，和BB65-1没有差别。人们也研究了航速更高的设计，並萛出依阿华的21.2万马力可以將一58000长吨、1000英尺长、115英尺宽的舰推進到31.8節的航速。如果要达到理想的33節，便需要31.8万马力，並且可能需要6轴推进，這便是BB65-Y1方案。如用一更小61000长吨设计，便可用同样的动力达到至少34節的航速。
Very important to note that these latter ships had a 14.2″ belt internally mounted just like in BB-57 and BB-61 at a slope of 19 degrees (deck was 5.5″). At this time questions arose about the validity of the internal belt (used earlier as a weight saving measure) as the hull was prone to flooding outside the belt and also battle damage repair was much more difficult for internal armor plates.
這些设计均採用了14.2''，倾斜19度的內置装甲带，和南达及依阿华一样。由于採用內置装甲带在战斗時中弹会导致進水，加上维修战斗损伤十分困难，人们开始质疑是否有必要继续採用內置装甲带(以往为了压缩吨位採用內置装甲带)，這一点很值得注意。
1940年1-2月
With the Second World War progressing international treaties were abandoned and this opened up the political gates even for naval designers, which was exactly the case for theMontana class developers. Not only that but in February 1940 the Secretary of the Navy (thanks in no small part to the agitation of said developers) ordered a third set of locks built for the Panama-canal, with a lock-width of 140 feet, thus removing the age old limitation of 108 foot beams for US Navy ships. These two factors basically meant that sanity (ie operational practicalities, time and money) remained the only limiting factor for new battleship construction. So came the Construction and Repair division of the USN who was responsible for ship preliminary designs at that time and produced a spectrum study of no less than 12 new designs that still bore the BB-65 designation as Congress only ordered battleships up to BB-64, and those still to the BB-61 Iowa design. Since the previous range of designs showed that a main armament of 12-16″/50s in four triple turrets is the most desired layout all the new ships had this main feature.
海军條约因二战爆发成了废纸，而且海军于1940年2月宣布计划为巴拿马运河建造第三个宽140英尺的船闸，等于取消了以往军舰舰宽108英尺的限制。這对设计师是一个好消息，這意味着可建造性及造价成了新舰的惟一限制。于是美国海军修造局便设计了至少12个新设计。由于国会没有订购新战列舰，因此它们仍以BB-65命名，並且根据之前的设计经验，都採用了4座3联炮塔這种最优布局。
(BB65-3)
(BB65-4)
First they went back to a stretched South Dakota variant (BB65-1) that was capable of 27.5 knots with the same powerplant (130.000 SHP) as said ship and was protected between 20-30kyards against it’s own guns (15.3″ belt and 5.5″ deck). This variant came out at a fairly good 51.300 tons, though it only had the same secondary battery. A newly developed 5″ gun, the 5″/54 Mark 16 was suggested by BuOrd in place of the 6″/47 DP Mark 16 as a good compromise between gun performance and weight. So design BB-65-2 was the same as BB-65-1 but secondaries were replaced with the 5″/54 guns and the ship stretched by another 20 feet to accommodate this. Faster variants were looked at as well that utilized the Iowa type powerplant (212.000 SHP) which could drive a 1000 foot long by 115 foot wide 58.000 ton hull at a speed of 31.8 knots – a hoped for 33 knots speed would require a calculated 318.000 SHP (and probably 6 shafts), this was BB-Y1. Alternatively a somewhat smaller, 61.000 ton hull could be driven at 34 knots+ by the same plant.
BB65-1是一安装了4座3联主炮的南达科他，副武器不变；有13万马力，航速为27.5節；有15.3''装甲带及5.5''甲板，对自己主炮免疫区为2万-3万码，吨位为51300长吨。BuOrd建议在新舰上採用新研制的5''/54高平兩用炮，該炮在5''/38及6''副炮在性能及重量兩个矛盾之间，取得很好的平衡。因此便有了BB65-2，除了舰长延长了20英尺及採用5''/54炮外，和BB65-1没有差别。人们也研究了航速更高的设计，並萛出依阿华的21.2万马力可以將一58000长吨、1000英尺长、115英尺宽的舰推進到31.8節的航速。如果要达到理想的33節，便需要31.8万马力，並且可能需要6轴推进，這便是BB65-Y1方案。如用一更小61000长吨设计，便可用同样的动力达到至少34節的航速。
Very important to note that these latter ships had a 14.2″ belt internally mounted just like in BB-57 and BB-61 at a slope of 19 degrees (deck was 5.5″). At this time questions arose about the validity of the internal belt (used earlier as a weight saving measure) as the hull was prone to flooding outside the belt and also battle damage repair was much more difficult for internal armor plates.
這些设计均採用了14.2''，倾斜19度的內置装甲带，和南达及依阿华一样。由于採用內置装甲带在战斗時中弹会导致進水，加上维修战斗损伤十分困难，人们开始质疑是否有必要继续採用內置装甲带(以往为了压缩吨位採用內置装甲带)，這一点很值得注意。
March-July 1940:
1940年3-7月
Final preliminary design series, ordered by the General Board in February 1940. This series contained 13 designs, but a few were only slightly modified, refined from the previous series. New were BB65-1 and BB65-2 (the ones from the previous series were refined into BB65-3 and -4).
在General Board于1940年2月的命令下，设计出了這最后一批的设计。該系列有13个设计，但其中有一些改良自之前的设计。新设计是BB65-1及BB65-2，老的1，2经改良后成为BB65-3及-4。
The new BB65-1 was a slightly modified BB-61 with extra protection but less speed (31 knots) where as BB65-2 was an enlarged BB-61 (980 feet length and 111 feet beam) keeping the 33 knots speed but gaining the heavier set of armor as well – both had 15.75″ belts and a 5.5″ deck. This meant a nice 18-30 kyards IZ versus the heavy shell fired from the Mark 7 16″/50. The larger ship came out at 53.500 tons as a nice compromise. With this however a return was made to 12 gun designs and -3 and -4 were simply the Jan-Feb series -1 and -2 buffed to 28 knots speed (-2 also had it’s SHP increased to 150.000).
新的BB65-1是一加强防御力，但航速降至31節的依阿华。BB65-2则在加强防御力的同时保持了依阿华的33節航速。它们均有15.75''装甲带及5.5''甲板装甲，对自己的16''/50 Mark 7超重弹有1.8-3万码的免疫区，吨位为53500长吨。之后的又回归到12门主炮的设计。新的-3，-4便是將老-1，-2的航速増至28節，其中-2的动力増至15万马力
Finally came the very large design starting with -5 which had it’s IZ extended to 32.000 yards, requiring 6.2″ on the deck with an 57.500 tons , 930 feet long hull plus 150.000 SHP to maintain 28 knots. -6 was again a refinement of the January design and only gained in length and beam (making it 64.500 tons). Speed remained at 31 knots. At last the -7 and -8 were getting everything, high speed, heavy protection (18-30 yards for -7 and 18-32 kyards for -8), 12 main guns – all this came at a staggering price as -7 weighed in at 65.000 tons with a 320.000 SHP propulsion plant and -8 was 67.000 tons on 366.000 SHP. Clearly these latter two would have required turbo electric drives and at least 6 shafts to transmit that kind of power to the water.
(BB65-6)
(BB65-8)
-5开始的设计开始巨型化。-5的免疫区延长至3.2万码，有6.2''甲板装甲；吨位57500长吨；长930英尺；另有15万马力以达到28節航速。-6也是改良自1月的设计，惟一区别是增加了长宽，使吨位上升至64500长吨，航速维持在31節。最后的-7及-8各项性能都是顶尖的，有12门主炮、高航速及非常好的装甲防御，-7及-8对自己主炮的免疫区分别为1.8-3万码及1.8-3.2万码。但付出的代价是巨大的。-7及-8吨位分别达65000及67000长吨，动力分别为32万及36.6万马力，並且需要6轴电驱的设计。
At about this time in mid-March the decision was also taken to employ external belts though keeping the sloping at 19 degrees, similar in concept that was used in the old BB-55 design at a lesser slope. At this point no consideration was given to buff torpedo protection, however returning to the external belt clearly meant losing the advantages of the earlier tapered down belt’s secondary function as main torpedo bulkhead – and it’s primary value as protection versus diving shells. Two more designs were produced in June, -9 and -10, the former simply as a BB65-3 with extra belt protection but thinner decks (IZ moved to 18-30 kyards) and -10 as a nine gun variant which came in at only 48.000 tons.
高層在3月中左右決定採用外置装甲带，但仍倾斜19度。然而內置装甲带可以成为鱼雷防御系统的一部分，更重要的是抵御水中弹。由于當時没有计划増强鱼雷防御系统，這意味着新舰的水下防御力被削弱。2个额外设计即-9及-10于6月提出。-9是以前的BB65-3，增强了装甲带但削弱了甲板装甲，免疫区改为1.8-3万码。-10则是一装备9门主炮，吨位只有48000长吨的设计。
1940 July marked the fall of France and this was a major event in USN planning as Congress was about to pass the “Two-Ocean Navy” act that would authorize the building of insane amount of ships – and the design for the crown jewel, a heavy battleship was badly needed. There was a good chance that Great Britain will fall as well then the United States had to fight Germany and Japan alone on both oceans.
法国于1940年7月沦陷后国会批准了兩洋法案，這極大地影响了美国海军的计划。兩洋法案中计划建造数目庞大的军舰，而新型战列舰则是重中之重。美国担心英国会像法国那样沦陷，之后美国海军便要同时在大西洋及太平洋同时对抗日本及德国。
Huge number of ships also meant that existing designs will be mass-produced instead of delaying construction waiting for a better design (that is why for example the CL-55 Clevelandtype was built in huge numbers although it proved to be a problematic design). Also now the very large fast designs fell out of favor as they were both expensive, took longer to build and surely unable to transit the existing Panama Canal locks (the 3rd set of locks was cancelled due to the war as well) and use existing docks and ports. Also 33 knots was deemed unnecessary for heavy BBs when most existing cruisers couldn’t do much more than that.The intermediate 30-31 knots speed was preferred (it has to be noted here that while 1-2 knots of difference in speed does not seem to be a big deal, technically it means that the power plant can be reduced by 25-30%) with designs -5 and -6 being favored as good middle grounds. Also some members of the General Board questioned the value of a 4th triple turret, requiring 10% extra displacement – so Preliminary Designs prepared 7 more versions:
這意味着现有成熟的设计会被選擇建造，不再等待更好的新设计(克里夫兰的设计有很多问题，但还是被大量建造)。由于为巴拿马运河建造第三个船闸的计划被取消、无法使用现有的码头、建造费用高昂、工期长等因素，超大型的设计很快被打入冷宫。由于大部分巡洋舰均无法达到33節航速，33節航速对于战列舰來说显得过剰，因此便建议將新战列舰航速要求改为30-31節(減少1、2節意味着能减少20-25%的动力需求)。中间型的-5，-6便显得很有吸引力。由于第4个主炮塔增加了10%吨位，因此一些General Board的成员质疑其必要性。结合以上要求，设计部门提交了7个新设计
– BB-65A (a -5 modified for more power but reduced length)
– two uncompleted 10 gun (3-2-2-3) variants; they were not competitive with the 12 guns schemes
Focus now shifted for 9 gun versions again to have the smallest possible, but fully protected battleship (BB65-11, -11A,-12,-13). BB65-13 was the most interesting as a fully protected BB-61 with only 28 knots speed. But the General Board made it’s decision for the BB-65A which had the 212.000 SHP powerplant of the Iowa class and was fully protected against the heavy shell from 18-32.000 yards. Clearly this one seemed to be the best compromise between speed, protection and firepower. Also this design featured first a secondary, lower, inner armour belt as a protection against diving shells – it was a continuous strip of heavy armour placed on the innermost, main torpedo bulkhead.
-BB-65-A(缩短但有更強动力的-5)
-2个未完成的10门主炮设计(3-2-2-3)。它们的性价比和12门主炮的设计低。
之后是只有9门主炮，但防御力非常好的设计的小型设计，即(BB65-11、-11A、-12、-13)。BB65-13是一大幅加强防御力，航速28節的依阿华，是最有意思的设计。但General Board決定採用BB65-A方案。該方案有的21.2万马力，和依阿华相同；对自己主炮的免疫区为1.8-3.2万码。該方案在火力、装甲及航速做到最好的平衡。此外，该设计有较薄的內層、水下次装甲帶以抵御水中弹。
On the 19th July Congress passed the Two-Ocean Navy act, authorizing construction of 385.000 tons of battleships, ordering BB-65 and BB-66 as Iowa class ships (2* 45.000 tons) and BB-67-71 as the Montana class (5*59.000 tons) to a yet to be finalized design.
国会于7月19日通过了兩洋法案。根据法案，將会建造总吨位38.5万长吨的战列舰，包括2艘额外的依阿华级即BB65及BB66，和5艘蒙大拿级即BB67-BB71。蒙大拿的设计编号也由BB65改为BB67。
1940年3-7月
Final preliminary design series, ordered by the General Board in February 1940. This series contained 13 designs, but a few were only slightly modified, refined from the previous series. New were BB65-1 and BB65-2 (the ones from the previous series were refined into BB65-3 and -4).
在General Board于1940年2月的命令下，设计出了這最后一批的设计。該系列有13个设计，但其中有一些改良自之前的设计。新设计是BB65-1及BB65-2，老的1，2经改良后成为BB65-3及-4。
The new BB65-1 was a slightly modified BB-61 with extra protection but less speed (31 knots) where as BB65-2 was an enlarged BB-61 (980 feet length and 111 feet beam) keeping the 33 knots speed but gaining the heavier set of armor as well – both had 15.75″ belts and a 5.5″ deck. This meant a nice 18-30 kyards IZ versus the heavy shell fired from the Mark 7 16″/50. The larger ship came out at 53.500 tons as a nice compromise. With this however a return was made to 12 gun designs and -3 and -4 were simply the Jan-Feb series -1 and -2 buffed to 28 knots speed (-2 also had it’s SHP increased to 150.000).
新的BB65-1是一加强防御力，但航速降至31節的依阿华。BB65-2则在加强防御力的同时保持了依阿华的33節航速。它们均有15.75''装甲带及5.5''甲板装甲，对自己的16''/50 Mark 7超重弹有1.8-3万码的免疫区，吨位为53500长吨。之后的又回归到12门主炮的设计。新的-3，-4便是將老-1，-2的航速増至28節，其中-2的动力増至15万马力
Finally came the very large design starting with -5 which had it’s IZ extended to 32.000 yards, requiring 6.2″ on the deck with an 57.500 tons , 930 feet long hull plus 150.000 SHP to maintain 28 knots. -6 was again a refinement of the January design and only gained in length and beam (making it 64.500 tons). Speed remained at 31 knots. At last the -7 and -8 were getting everything, high speed, heavy protection (18-30 yards for -7 and 18-32 kyards for -8), 12 main guns – all this came at a staggering price as -7 weighed in at 65.000 tons with a 320.000 SHP propulsion plant and -8 was 67.000 tons on 366.000 SHP. Clearly these latter two would have required turbo electric drives and at least 6 shafts to transmit that kind of power to the water.
(BB65-6)
(BB65-8)
-5开始的设计开始巨型化。-5的免疫区延长至3.2万码，有6.2''甲板装甲；吨位57500长吨；长930英尺；另有15万马力以达到28節航速。-6也是改良自1月的设计，惟一区别是增加了长宽，使吨位上升至64500长吨，航速维持在31節。最后的-7及-8各项性能都是顶尖的，有12门主炮、高航速及非常好的装甲防御，-7及-8对自己主炮的免疫区分别为1.8-3万码及1.8-3.2万码。但付出的代价是巨大的。-7及-8吨位分别达65000及67000长吨，动力分别为32万及36.6万马力，並且需要6轴电驱的设计。
At about this time in mid-March the decision was also taken to employ external belts though keeping the sloping at 19 degrees, similar in concept that was used in the old BB-55 design at a lesser slope. At this point no consideration was given to buff torpedo protection, however returning to the external belt clearly meant losing the advantages of the earlier tapered down belt’s secondary function as main torpedo bulkhead – and it’s primary value as protection versus diving shells. Two more designs were produced in June, -9 and -10, the former simply as a BB65-3 with extra belt protection but thinner decks (IZ moved to 18-30 kyards) and -10 as a nine gun variant which came in at only 48.000 tons.
高層在3月中左右決定採用外置装甲带，但仍倾斜19度。然而內置装甲带可以成为鱼雷防御系统的一部分，更重要的是抵御水中弹。由于當時没有计划増强鱼雷防御系统，這意味着新舰的水下防御力被削弱。2个额外设计即-9及-10于6月提出。-9是以前的BB65-3，增强了装甲带但削弱了甲板装甲，免疫区改为1.8-3万码。-10则是一装备9门主炮，吨位只有48000长吨的设计。
1940 July marked the fall of France and this was a major event in USN planning as Congress was about to pass the “Two-Ocean Navy” act that would authorize the building of insane amount of ships – and the design for the crown jewel, a heavy battleship was badly needed. There was a good chance that Great Britain will fall as well then the United States had to fight Germany and Japan alone on both oceans.
法国于1940年7月沦陷后国会批准了兩洋法案，這極大地影响了美国海军的计划。兩洋法案中计划建造数目庞大的军舰，而新型战列舰则是重中之重。美国担心英国会像法国那样沦陷，之后美国海军便要同时在大西洋及太平洋同时对抗日本及德国。
Huge number of ships also meant that existing designs will be mass-produced instead of delaying construction waiting for a better design (that is why for example the CL-55 Clevelandtype was built in huge numbers although it proved to be a problematic design). Also now the very large fast designs fell out of favor as they were both expensive, took longer to build and surely unable to transit the existing Panama Canal locks (the 3rd set of locks was cancelled due to the war as well) and use existing docks and ports. Also 33 knots was deemed unnecessary for heavy BBs when most existing cruisers couldn’t do much more than that.The intermediate 30-31 knots speed was preferred (it has to be noted here that while 1-2 knots of difference in speed does not seem to be a big deal, technically it means that the power plant can be reduced by 25-30%) with designs -5 and -6 being favored as good middle grounds. Also some members of the General Board questioned the value of a 4th triple turret, requiring 10% extra displacement – so Preliminary Designs prepared 7 more versions:
這意味着现有成熟的设计会被選擇建造，不再等待更好的新设计(克里夫兰的设计有很多问题，但还是被大量建造)。由于为巴拿马运河建造第三个船闸的计划被取消、无法使用现有的码头、建造费用高昂、工期长等因素，超大型的设计很快被打入冷宫。由于大部分巡洋舰均无法达到33節航速，33節航速对于战列舰來说显得过剰，因此便建议將新战列舰航速要求改为30-31節(減少1、2節意味着能减少20-25%的动力需求)。中间型的-5，-6便显得很有吸引力。由于第4个主炮塔增加了10%吨位，因此一些General Board的成员质疑其必要性。结合以上要求，设计部门提交了7个新设计
– BB-65A (a -5 modified for more power but reduced length)
– two uncompleted 10 gun (3-2-2-3) variants; they were not competitive with the 12 guns schemes
Focus now shifted for 9 gun versions again to have the smallest possible, but fully protected battleship (BB65-11, -11A,-12,-13). BB65-13 was the most interesting as a fully protected BB-61 with only 28 knots speed. But the General Board made it’s decision for the BB-65A which had the 212.000 SHP powerplant of the Iowa class and was fully protected against the heavy shell from 18-32.000 yards. Clearly this one seemed to be the best compromise between speed, protection and firepower. Also this design featured first a secondary, lower, inner armour belt as a protection against diving shells – it was a continuous strip of heavy armour placed on the innermost, main torpedo bulkhead.
-BB-65-A(缩短但有更強动力的-5)
-2个未完成的10门主炮设计(3-2-2-3)。它们的性价比和12门主炮的设计低。
之后是只有9门主炮，但防御力非常好的设计的小型设计，即(BB65-11、-11A、-12、-13)。BB65-13是一大幅加强防御力，航速28節的依阿华，是最有意思的设计。但General Board決定採用BB65-A方案。該方案有的21.2万马力，和依阿华相同；对自己主炮的免疫区为1.8-3.2万码。該方案在火力、装甲及航速做到最好的平衡。此外，该设计有较薄的內層、水下次装甲帶以抵御水中弹。
On the 19th July Congress passed the Two-Ocean Navy act, authorizing construction of 385.000 tons of battleships, ordering BB-65 and BB-66 as Iowa class ships (2* 45.000 tons) and BB-67-71 as the Montana class (5*59.000 tons) to a yet to be finalized design.
国会于7月19日通过了兩洋法案。根据法案，將会建造总吨位38.5万长吨的战列舰，包括2艘额外的依阿华级即BB65及BB66，和5艘蒙大拿级即BB67-BB71。蒙大拿的设计编号也由BB65改为BB67。
Final designs (November 1940-January 1941):
最终设计(1940年11月-1941年1月)
After the authorization a fresh series were begun, this time with the BB-67 nomenclature and only 4 new versions were born. They stemmed from BB65-5 and -5A and were all just refinenments.
在国会決定建造5膄蒙大拿后，新系列的设计编号改为BB67，但這次只有4个设计。它们都是之前的BB65-5及-5A的改良版。
First BB-67-1 was a 890 feet version of -5 (vs. 930 feet) and it is speculated that this was in order to comply with some docking restrictions.
BB67-1是将舰长由930英尺減至890英尺的-5。估计是为了兼顾停泊码头的需求才作出這个改动。
BB-67-2 was an answer to the further refinement of the Mark 7 16″ guns, as it’s newer mods had the muzzle velocity increased to 2500 feet/sec, meaning that the belt had to be thickened from 15.75″ to 16.1″ to maintain the IZ. At the same time the deck thickness could be relaxed somewhat to 5.8″ from 6.2″ thanks to the flatter trajectory due to the higher speeds. This change cost only 200 tons in displacement, but the after belt, protecting the steering gear box’s connections was eliminated , so standard displacement could be kept at 59.700 tons. Also the underwater protection against diving shells was finalized around this time with a 7.74″ inner belt added onto the 30 pounds (0.75″) thick torpedo bulkhead. Later this was redistributed to 8.4″ tapering to 1.5″ over magazines and 7.1″ tapering to 1″ over machinery spaces.
由于16'' Mark 7得到進一步改進，因此便有了BB67-2。Mark 7的初速提高到2500英尺/秒，這意味着装甲带厚度要由15.75''増至16.1'' 使免疫区不变。同时，由于火炮水平穿深因弹道变得更为平直而減少，因此平板装甲厚度得以由6.2''減至5.8''。作出上述改动后吨位只増加200长吨。由于取消了保护舵机的尾部装甲帶，因此标排吨位仍保持在59700长吨。防御水中弹的水下防护系统也终于被定型，即在0.75''厚的防雷壁后增加7.74''內層装甲带。之后部局改成弹药库位置由8.4''渐薄到1.5''，动力部位置由7.1''渐薄到1''。
BB-67-3 was a bit trimmed down version of -2, as some weight saving measures saved a few hundred tons as it turned out that the 212.000 SHP Iowa powerplant was more than what was needed for 28 knots (with it the ship was good for 29). So a completely new powerplant with an arrangement reminiscent of the Lexington class BCs and with 172.000 SHP was adopted instead. This also relaxed machinery space length so it can be kept at a level that was desired by deck space needs. Other changes were relatively minor, like the addition of a bomb deck aft.
BB67-3是-2的減重版本。经计算后发现，若要达到28節完全不需要依阿华的21.2万马力动力部(21.2万马力能有29節)，因此便重新设计了动力部。新的动力部有17.2万马力，部局让人聯想到以前的列克星敦战巡。該改动除了減少了几百长吨的重量外，还增加了內部空间。此外还有一些小改动，比如在舰尾増加炸弹平板。
Finally BB-67-4 was the same only it added one more feet of armored freeboard (9 feet) and with this the finalized displacement came in at 60.500 tons standard. This was the design chosen for production and as such members of the fleet have been asked about it.
BB67-4的改动是増加一英尺受装甲保护的干舷，标排为60500长吨。該方案便是被選中准备建造的设计。
(被選中的设计)
Generally people were surprised how little the addition of another 15.000 tons over the BB-61 design bought (and it was the same feeling for the Iowa‘s extra 10 ktons over the South Dakotas). Especially critics were picking on the same number of secondary battery barrels where comparison to foreign designs showed a lot more barrels on much more limited displacement – Bismarck and Littorio are given as examples (in fairness all those ships had a split battery with both high angle AA guns and single purpose low angle guns so only the relevant weapons could fire at a given target whereas in case of the Montanaall guns could fire on both ships and planes).
人们常对蒙大拿比依阿华大1.5万长吨，但性能並没有多大的提升感到意外。這和依阿华为了航速而比南达大一万长吨的感觉是一样的。
(之后的几句不翻译了)
本贴完结
最终设计(1940年11月-1941年1月)
After the authorization a fresh series were begun, this time with the BB-67 nomenclature and only 4 new versions were born. They stemmed from BB65-5 and -5A and were all just refinenments.
在国会決定建造5膄蒙大拿后，新系列的设计编号改为BB67，但這次只有4个设计。它们都是之前的BB65-5及-5A的改良版。
First BB-67-1 was a 890 feet version of -5 (vs. 930 feet) and it is speculated that this was in order to comply with some docking restrictions.
BB67-1是将舰长由930英尺減至890英尺的-5。估计是为了兼顾停泊码头的需求才作出這个改动。
BB-67-2 was an answer to the further refinement of the Mark 7 16″ guns, as it’s newer mods had the muzzle velocity increased to 2500 feet/sec, meaning that the belt had to be thickened from 15.75″ to 16.1″ to maintain the IZ. At the same time the deck thickness could be relaxed somewhat to 5.8″ from 6.2″ thanks to the flatter trajectory due to the higher speeds. This change cost only 200 tons in displacement, but the after belt, protecting the steering gear box’s connections was eliminated , so standard displacement could be kept at 59.700 tons. Also the underwater protection against diving shells was finalized around this time with a 7.74″ inner belt added onto the 30 pounds (0.75″) thick torpedo bulkhead. Later this was redistributed to 8.4″ tapering to 1.5″ over magazines and 7.1″ tapering to 1″ over machinery spaces.
由于16'' Mark 7得到進一步改進，因此便有了BB67-2。Mark 7的初速提高到2500英尺/秒，這意味着装甲带厚度要由15.75''増至16.1'' 使免疫区不变。同时，由于火炮水平穿深因弹道变得更为平直而減少，因此平板装甲厚度得以由6.2''減至5.8''。作出上述改动后吨位只増加200长吨。由于取消了保护舵机的尾部装甲帶，因此标排吨位仍保持在59700长吨。防御水中弹的水下防护系统也终于被定型，即在0.75''厚的防雷壁后增加7.74''內層装甲带。之后部局改成弹药库位置由8.4''渐薄到1.5''，动力部位置由7.1''渐薄到1''。
BB-67-3 was a bit trimmed down version of -2, as some weight saving measures saved a few hundred tons as it turned out that the 212.000 SHP Iowa powerplant was more than what was needed for 28 knots (with it the ship was good for 29). So a completely new powerplant with an arrangement reminiscent of the Lexington class BCs and with 172.000 SHP was adopted instead. This also relaxed machinery space length so it can be kept at a level that was desired by deck space needs. Other changes were relatively minor, like the addition of a bomb deck aft.
BB67-3是-2的減重版本。经计算后发现，若要达到28節完全不需要依阿华的21.2万马力动力部(21.2万马力能有29節)，因此便重新设计了动力部。新的动力部有17.2万马力，部局让人聯想到以前的列克星敦战巡。該改动除了減少了几百长吨的重量外，还增加了內部空间。此外还有一些小改动，比如在舰尾増加炸弹平板。
Finally BB-67-4 was the same only it added one more feet of armored freeboard (9 feet) and with this the finalized displacement came in at 60.500 tons standard. This was the design chosen for production and as such members of the fleet have been asked about it.
BB67-4的改动是増加一英尺受装甲保护的干舷，标排为60500长吨。該方案便是被選中准备建造的设计。
(被選中的设计)
Generally people were surprised how little the addition of another 15.000 tons over the BB-61 design bought (and it was the same feeling for the Iowa‘s extra 10 ktons over the South Dakotas). Especially critics were picking on the same number of secondary battery barrels where comparison to foreign designs showed a lot more barrels on much more limited displacement – Bismarck and Littorio are given as examples (in fairness all those ships had a split battery with both high angle AA guns and single purpose low angle guns so only the relevant weapons could fire at a given target whereas in case of the Montanaall guns could fire on both ships and planes).
人们常对蒙大拿比依阿华大1.5万长吨，但性能並没有多大的提升感到意外。這和依阿华为了航速而比南达大一万长吨的感觉是一样的。
(之后的几句不翻译了)
本贴完结
本书不能外借。
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补图
July 1939
1939年7月
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August-September 1939
1939年8-9月
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Jan-February 1940
1940年1-2月
---------------------------------------------------------
March-July 1940:
1940年3-7月
Final designs (November 1940-January 1941):
最终设计(1940年11月-1941年1月)
最终设计(1940年11月-1941年1月)
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发表时间：2015-12-14 01:02:00 +0800 CST
更新时间：2017-04-24 09:46:43 +0800 CST
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