【翻译整理】兽脚类牙齿的咬合力、尺寸、形状以及位置的相关性

一楼敬百度。
文献来自网上,标题为:Correlation between the size, shape and position of the teeth on the jaws and the bite force in Theropoda


感谢@江氏小盗龙@指虫者译文


注:我只发简述和部分图示,想看全文可以去自行下载。 文献连接:http://pan.baidu.com/s/1bpxObxl

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 19:51:00 +0800 CST  
ABSTRACT
Theropods have fascinated both paleontologists and the general public due to their large diversityof sizes and morphologies. They also present a large variation in tooth morphologies. Previous studieshave estimated the bite force of several specimens. The goal of this study is to determine if there is acorrelation between the tooth size, shape and position on the skull and mandible and the bite force ofthese dinosaurs. Measurements were made on several theropods, including the bending strength of theteeth on the anterior-posterior and the mediolateral axes of the jaws, as well as the bending strength ofthe mandible, and were compared to fossil and modern Crocodylia. We observed that several bendingstrength maxima of the teeth trends were aligned with key areas of the mandible, and that the size, shapeas well as the position of the teeth on the jaws were correlated with the bite force of both Crocodylia andtheropods, which can be related to their diet and feeding habits.






兽脚类恐龙在尺寸和形态上巨大的多样性令学者和公众着迷。它们还在牙齿形态上有着千差万别的多样化。先前的研究曾经估测过一些样本的咬合力(译者注:应当是一些种类),本研究的目的是为了确定着生在头骨和下颌骨的牙齿的大小、形态、位置与咬合力的关系。测量了几种兽脚类恐龙,测试了它们牙齿在前后方向上的抗挠强度,以及颌骨在横向方向上的抗挠强度,并将它们与现代鳄鱼相比较。我们注意到牙齿最高的抗挠强度数值出现在下颌骨的关键部位,牙齿的尺寸,形态和在颌骨上排列的位置在鳄鱼和恐龙里均与咬合力有关。这可能与它们的生活方式和进食猎食的习性有关联。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 19:58:00 +0800 CST  




Figure 1. crocodylia used for the study (based on Brochu 1999, 2001, 2004; Brochu et al. 2010; sereno et al. 2001; Wu et al. 1996).
Notes: For some of the specimens, the differences between cranium and mandible are photographic artifacts. see appendix 1 for specimen details. scale bar equals 10 cm.




图1.鳄目动物研究(来自于Brochu 1999, 2001, 2004;Brochu et al. 2010; Sereno et al. 2001; Wu et al. 1996)。注释:对于其中一些已经灭绝的种类,从照片上可以看出头骨与下颌骨的不同。参见附录1的物种详细资料,比例尺为10厘米。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 20:22:00 +0800 CST  




Figure 2. theropoda used for the study (based on Henderson, 2003).
Notes: For some of the specimens, the differences between cranium and mandible are photographic artifacts. see appendix 1 for specimen details. scale bar equals 10 cm.




图2.兽脚类研究(来自于Henderson, 2003)。注释:对于不同的种类,从照片上可以看出头骨与下颌骨的不同。参见附录1的物种详细资料,比例尺为10厘米。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 20:26:00 +0800 CST  




Figure 3. schematic representation of the measurements made on a tooth in labial
view (A) and dorsal view (B) in order to calculate the bending strength of the teeth
on both axes, and schematic representation of the position measurements on a
crocodilian mandible in dorsal view (C) and skull in ventral view (D). the crown
height (A) was measured from the crown-root limit, on the labial and lingual side
of the tooth in order to obtain an average. the basal width (B) was measured twice
on the aP and the Ml axes in order to also obtain an average, as well as the ‘a’
and ‘b’ values. For the schematic representations C and D, the vertical dotted lines
represent the measured distances for the tooth positions.




图3.唇侧牙齿测量示意图(A)背视图(B)为了计算牙齿轴线两侧的弯曲度,图解的位置为鳄类下颌骨背视图(C)和头骨的腹面图(D)。齿冠高度(A)测量起始于齿根的界限,一般来自起始于唇舌面。牙齿基部的宽度(B)一般在AP和ML上进行两侧测量获得,就在“a”和“b”轴线上。C和D的图示,垂直虚线代表牙齿位置的测量距离。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 20:33:00 +0800 CST  




Figure 4. schematic representation of the position measurements on a crocodilian mandible in dorsal view (a) and skull in ventral view (B).
Note: the vertical dotted lines represent the measured distances for the tooth positions.




图4.图示为鳄类下颌骨背面的测量位置(A)和头骨腹面图(B)。注释:垂直虚线代表牙齿位置的测量距离。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 20:37:00 +0800 CST  




Table 1. slope (a) and intercept (b) of the regression line equation (ax + b) for the
plots of the crocodylia used in the study




表格1.斜率(a)和截距(b)的回归线方程式(ax+b)来自于对鳄目的研究。
注释:σ:标准偏差;r:相关系数

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 20:42:00 +0800 CST  




Table 2. slope (a) and intercept (b) of the regression line equation (ax + b) for the
plots of the theropods used in the study.


表格1.斜率(a)和截距(b)的回归线方程式(ax+b)来自于对兽脚类的研究。
注释:σ:标准偏差;r:相关系数

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 20:44:00 +0800 CST  


Figure 5. comparison of tooth bending strengths about the aP and Ml axes on the skulls and the mandibles of all the crocodylia specimens (a), and zoom-in on the
comparison of tooth bending strengths about the aP and Ml axes on the skulls and the mandibles of the smaller crocodylia (B).
Notes: the specimens form different groups, all of them showing greater strength in the aP direction than the Ml direction. one value of the mandible of Caiman latirostris is apart from the
cluster formed by the other specimens, most likely due to the variable tooth sizes. see table 1 for the slope and intercept values.




图5.对比所有鳄目动物头骨和下颌骨上牙齿在AP和ML轴线上的弯曲强度(A),聚焦于比较小型鳄目下颌上牙齿在AP和ML轴线上的弯曲强度(B)。
注释:不同组的物种,都显示出了AP要强于ML。评价显示宽吻凯门鳄与其他种类分离,很可能是由于牙齿尺寸的变量。参见表1的斜率和截距值。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 20:46:00 +0800 CST  


Figure 6. comparison of tooth bending strengths about the aP and Ml axes on the skulls and the mandibles of all the theropod specimens (a), and zoom-in on the
comparison of tooth bending strengths about the aP and Ml axes on the skulls and the mandibles of the smaller theropods (B).
Notes: the specimens form different groups, with the large theropods presenting the same stress patterns as the crocodilians. the smaller theropods show more stress on the Ml axis of the teeth,
which is better seen on the mandible plot, while Allosaurus fragilis and Carnotaurus sastrei show stress on the aP axis like the other large theropods. see table 2 for the slope and intercept values.




图6.对比兽脚类恐龙头骨和下颌骨上牙齿在AP和ML轴线上的弯曲强度(A),聚焦于比较小型兽脚类恐龙下颌上牙齿在AP和ML轴线上的弯曲强度(B)。
注释:不同组的物种,其中大型兽脚类恐龙呈现出与鳄类相似的压力强度。小型兽脚类恐龙显示出牙齿在ML轴线上更大的强度,哪种在下颌骨上更具有优势,脆弱异特龙和萨氏食肉牛龙显示了在AP轴线上的加强,就像其他大型兽脚类恐龙一样。参见表2的斜率和截距值。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 20:52:00 +0800 CST  




Figure 7. relationship between the bending strength of the teeth compared to their position (%) on the right (diamond) and left (square) mandibles of Osteolaemus
tetraspis and Tyrannosaurus rex.
Notes: in both cases, the teeth of the right and left mandibles follow generally the same trend. similar patterns were observed for other specimens.




图形7.比较非洲侏儒鳄和雷克斯暴龙下颌骨右侧(diamond)和左侧(square)相同位置牙齿以寻求两者牙齿强度上的关联。
注释:在两个图形中,下颌骨右侧和左侧的牙齿有相同的趋势,在其他种类中也能观察到。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 20:56:00 +0800 CST  


Figure 8. Bending strength about the mandibles of the crocodylia specimens used in the study.
Note: generally, the bending strength of all the mandibles decreases from the posterior to the anterior section of the mandible, but at different rates depending on the specimen.




图形8.采用鳄目下颌骨的弯曲强度研究。
注释:通常,整个下颌骨上的弯曲强度在截面上自后向前下降,但是这也取决于样品。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 21:00:00 +0800 CST  


Figure 9. Bending strength about the mandibles of the theropod specimens used in the study.


图形9. 采用兽脚类恐龙下颌骨的弯曲强度研究。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 21:13:00 +0800 CST  


Figure 10. relationship between the regional bending strength means of the teeth (diamond) compared to the bending strength of the mandible (square) about their
position and the landmarks on the mandibles of A. mississippiensis, C. niloticus, Gavialosuchus sp. and S. imperator.
Notes: the horizontal black lines show the delimitation of the three sections. since the original values for the teeth bending strength are smaller than those of the mandible, they were multiplied
by 30 in order to render them visible.




图形10.牙齿(菱形)弯曲强度方式与下颌骨(直角)位置和标志之间的关系,包括了美国短吻鳄,尼罗鳄,加伏特鳄,帝鳄。
注释:水平黑线代表三个截面的分界。由于牙齿的弯曲强度原始值小于下颌骨,需要乘30 in进行补偿。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 21:16:00 +0800 CST  


Figure 11. relationship between the regional bending strength means of the teeth (diamond) compared to the bending strength of the mandible (square) about their
position and the landmarks on the mandibles of C. sastrei, D. torosus, H. ischigualastensis and S. langstoni.
Notes: the horizontal black lines show the delimitation of the three sections. since the original values for the teeth bending strength are smaller than those of the mandible, they were multiplied
by 30 in order to render them visible.




图形11,牙齿(菱形)弯曲强度方式与下颌骨(直角)位置和标志之间的关系,包括了食肉牛龙,惧龙,埃雷拉龙,蜥鸟盗龙。
注释:水平黑线代表三个截面的分界。由于牙齿的弯曲强度原始值小于下颌骨,需要乘30 in进行补偿。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 21:21:00 +0800 CST  


Figure 12. representation of the slope (a) and intercept (b) values of the regression line equation (ax + b) with their standard deviation for the skull (A) and mandible (B)
of the crocodylia, and the skull (C) and mandible (D) of the theropoda.
Notes: statistical differences can be observed between the skull and mandible of the specimens, as well as between the crocodylia and theropoda. see tables 1 and 2 for the slope and intercept
values.




图形12.表示斜率(a)和截距(b)的回归直线值的方程式(ax + b)用来计算鳄目的头骨(A)和下颌骨(B)及兽脚类的头骨(C)和下颌骨(D)的标准偏差。
注释:统计学上的偏差来自对于样本头骨和下颌骨的观察,而且存在于鳄目和兽脚类之间。参见表格1和表格2斜率和截距的标准值。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 21:26:00 +0800 CST  


Table 3. Mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) of the slope (a) and intercept (b) values of the regression line equation (ax + b) for the plots of the specimens used in the
study.




表格3. 研究用的物种的斜率(a)和截距(b)的平均值(μ)和标准偏差(σ)回归直线值的方程式(ax + b)。

楼主 飞天风神翼龙  发布于 2017-03-08 21:29:00 +0800 CST  

楼主:飞天风神翼龙

字数:8242

发表时间:2017-03-09 03:51:00 +0800 CST

更新时间:2017-10-26 14:07:36 +0800 CST

评论数:20条评论

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