第18章 印第安人的体质特征

The most obvious method of approach to this solution is by morphological analysis of the main geographical groups. First, if we take the New World as a whole, certain common characters may be taken as significant. For one thing, the hair of the New World tends to be straight and black; indeed, the variations from this are so rare that we may consider straight black hair as universal. The only other part of the world where this is a distinguishing character is in Asia, particularly among Mongoloid peoples. A close view of the hair of mankind, as a whole, indicates great stability as to type, in consequence of which many anthropologists make it the basis of the first classification. We may, therefore, set down the above affinity with Mongoloid peoples as one very strong indication of common descent.


few exceptions to straight hair have been found in South America under conditions that makes it unlikely that they are of European origin.[1] However, a great deal more field-work will be necessary before this point can be made clear. If, however, it proves out that an element of wavy hair once entered the New World population, we shall have good ground for suspecting a non-Asiatic origin for at least one New World strain.


这里说到印第安人的头发几乎全是又黑又直,但是有少数南美印第安人例外。

楼主 应该的应该的不  发布于 2017-08-30 15:26:00 +0800 CST  
Skin color is rather an elusive matter, since its gradations do not admit of very precise definition. Some anthropologists see the basic color of the New World as yellow, others as brown. The yellow is clearly present in many tribes of Brazil and on the west coast of North America, but the remaining portions of both continents show populations ranging from dark chocolate to light brown. According to our own observation, this light color turns toward yellow, and the assumption of an original yellow race is fully justified. This, again, suggests Asiatic affinities, but just what may be the history of this dark strain in the yellow is not clear.
这里说到,有人认为印第安人的肤色为黄色,有人认为是棕色。许多巴西的印第安部落、北美西海岸的印第安人明显是黄肤色。不过,其余的印第安人的肤色是从黑巧克力色(dark chocolate )到浅棕色。
注:这里大致是说,部分印第安人是典型的黄种人肤色。但是整体来看,印第安人肤色偏深。

楼主 应该的应该的不  发布于 2017-08-30 15:33:00 +0800 CST  
The nose has also been considered as Mongoloid, but as it presents great variety of form in both the North and the South and is not easily distinguished from the nose of the Pacific Islands and some other parts of the Old World, no great stress can be laid upon it, at least, until very carefully studied. Again, one of the most striking facial characters of Mongolian peoples is the eye-fold, or, in popular language, the "slanting eye." A number of observers claim to see faint traces of this in the Indian, but we should proceed with caution where the resemblances are so vague. Yet, a recent author[2] asserts its positive identification in the Andean region and also in parts of the Amazon country. In North America, it is prominent among the Eskimo and appears in Siberia, which fact gives us continuity with Asia.


印第安人的鼻子被认为是蒙古人种的鼻子,不过印第安人内部也有不同情况。(有些人)的鼻子与太平洋地区或者旧世界其他地区的居民很类似。这一点需要继续研究。
一些观察者发现,印第安人有轻微蒙古皱(细眼睛)。不过,一个研究者指出,安第斯山区、亚马逊部分地区、北美的爱斯基摩人,蒙古皱(细眼睛)比较明显。
注:这里作者把蒙古皱与细眼睛说成同一个东西。不知他说的到底是蒙古皱,还是说的细眼睛。

楼主 应该的应该的不  发布于 2017-08-30 15:48:00 +0800 CST  
In popular belief, the aboriginal face is broad in respect to the width of the head, or "the cheek bones are prominent," resulting in what is sometimes characterized as a disharmonic face. This belief is, in the main, justified, when we review the measurements that have been made. The studies of Boas[3] and Jenks[4] upon mixed-blood Indians in the United States, show that the relative width of face among these is still greater than in case of whites, while reference to the accompanying table shows a very positive difference between the whites and full-blood Indians, in both North and South America. Thus, it is generally true that the New World peoples are characterized by broad faces. This feature is strongly accented in the Eskimo, but not sufficiently to place them in a class by themselves. Of Old World peoples, the broad faces are chiefly among Asiatics.
一般的观点是,印第安人头宽脸大,颧骨突出,给人感觉有些长相奇特。有人测试了在美国与白人混血的印第安人,他们的脸比白人宽。至于纯种的印第安人,当然就比白人宽多了,无论在南美、北美都是如此。
可以明确的说,一般说来,印第安人就是大宽脸,尤其是爱斯基摩人。


男性印第安人的面宽 头宽 指数。


楼主 应该的应该的不  发布于 2017-08-30 16:03:00 +0800 CST  
Another anatomical trait supposed to characterize native Americans is an excessive flattening of the femur, or platymeria. A résumé of the literature, however, leaves one in doubt that any such variation can be definitely assigned to the New World as a whole, though some reports of Hrdlicka[6] suggest that Indians differ from whites and negroes. The same can be stated for flattening of the tibia, or platycnemia. If the theory of Manouvrier that the phenomenon is dependent upon the muscular development of the individual, is accepted, then these flattenings of the shafts have no racial significance. (For a brief résumé, see Duckworth.[7])


Another curious femoral variation is the presence of a third trochanter, which Duckworth believes is, to a certain extent, correlated with platymeria. The most convenient frequency table so far compiled is that of Deniker,[8] which shows a range from 13 per cent, for prehistoric Europe to 64 per cent, for the Fuegians of the New World. The great frequency of this trochanter among the Fuegians raises a suspicion as to the remainder of the New World, but satisfactory published data are wanting.


This about exhausts the list of widely diffused common characters for the New World as a whole. As we have seen, the somatic line-up is with the Mongoloid peoples, and, while we are facing this way, attention may well be called to other similarities asserted by certain observers. Posnansky[9] reports the Mongolian spot in the Andean area, and an anatomical peculiarity of the cranium in the maxillar or region of the processus frontalis which is absent in the European, but prominent in Mongolian crania. It seems best, however, to defer further discussion of this subject until we have considered the differentiation of internal New World types and their distributions.


印第安人与白人、黑人不同,是扁股骨,当然其内部也有不同情况。同样,他们也是扁胫骨。有人认为,这与个体的肌肉生长有关,并不能做为种族差异的标志。
印第安人大腿上有第三个转子,有人认为与扁股骨有关。有测试显示,史前的欧洲人的“第三个转子”的发生频率为16%,火地岛的印第安人的发生频率为64%。人们根据火地岛的数据,认为整个印第安人都应该高频,但是目前还没有全面的数据。
有人发现,安地斯山区的印地安人有蒙古斑。有些颅骨特征,只存在于亚洲蒙古人种与印第安人中。
(an anatomical peculiarity of the cranium in the maxillar or region of the processus frontalis which is absent in the European, but prominent in Mongolian crania. )。

楼主 应该的应该的不  发布于 2017-08-30 16:24:00 +0800 CST  
……
At the outset, we stated that the New World could make some claim to an intermediate position in head form. If we take the averages of the lengths and breadths of head tabulated on p. 305, we find a length of 175 cm. and a breadth of 141 cm. Martin[13] places the extremes of the world at 143–225 for length, and 101–173 for breadth, from which it appears that our natives are grouped around the middle values. Further, since the extremes in our tables fall short of those for the world as a whole, we are justified in the conclusion that in absolute dimensions of head the New World is truly intermediate, but that in respect to head form as expressed by the cephalic index, approximately the whole known range is found.
……
这里说印第安人颅长颅宽的绝对数,大致处于旧世界的中间数。颅指数(长宽比)与旧世界差别不大。
注:前面说印第安人头宽,这里又说宽度中等。

楼主 应该的应该的不  发布于 2017-08-30 19:10:00 +0800 CST  
A great deal of attention has been given to the form of the eye sockets or orbits, and the nasal skeleton. The former takes a quadrilateral form whose varying breadth and height can be measured. The relation of the latter to the former is expressed as the orbital index. The tabulation of such data as we found in the literature presents a symmetrical distribution with an approximate node at 87. As in the case of other characters we find the orbits of each local group to vary, but all to cluster about a single norm. Since there are several ways of measuring the orbit and the several authors are not often explicit as to the method employed, the above result should be regarded as tentative. Both Deniker[16] and Martin[17] have compiled standard lists of this index, which furnish the additional series in our table. The series we have for the New World is of the symmetrical type which gives us greater confidence in its mean value. Martin[18] regards the Fuegian as in the lowest class, with the Tasmanian and Australian, while the Patagonian and Indians in general have very high indices, as also do the Eskimo and Mongolians. It appears, therefore, that the New World as a whole falls in the same class as do Asiatics, but that, on the other hand, high values are not unusual elsewhere. Thus, we cannot be sure that the orbit is a definitive character.
火地岛印第安人眶指数很低,类似塔斯马尼亚人与澳洲土著。但是总的来看,印第安人眶指数很高。

楼主 应该的应该的不  发布于 2017-08-30 19:19:00 +0800 CST  
In this brief review of a large subject, we have sought, first of all, the characters truly definitive of New World man. The difficulties besetting such a quest are now apparent, but a summary of some kind is necessary to progress. Accordingly, on the basis of the preceding and the available studies, the following is offered:—


1. The hair is straight, of medium coarseness, and black. Body hair scant. The skin color is a brown, ranging from yellowish to chocolate tones. Eyes tend to be dark brown.


2. The head is quite variable as to length and breadth, but appears to approximate an intermediate position in the world's series. On the other hand, the face is broad in proportion to the head. As to facial angle, there is moderate prognathism, and this, as well as size of mouth, thickness of lips, proportions of nose, size of teeth, takes an intermediate rank between whites and negroes. According to Hrdlicka, the upper incisors are markedly concave.[24] Finally, there is a slight slant to the eye, reminding one of certain Asiatics.


3. In bodily proportions we note first an intermediate position between whites and negroes with respect to length of arms and legs. The hands and feet are relatively small. The capacity of head and estimated brain weights also give intermediate values.


总结
1 头发又黑有直,中等粗。体毛少。肤色棕,从淡黄色到巧克力黑。眼睛偏黑。
2 头长头宽各种各样,大致中等。另一方面,相比于头部,脸显得很宽。中等突颌,处于白人黑人之间。至于嘴巴大小、嘴唇厚度、鼻型、牙齿大小,也是处于白人与黑人之间。上门齿明显凹形。眼睛有一点slant,让人想到了一些亚洲人。
3关于身体比例方面,臂长腿长处于白人与黑人之间。手脚相对小。脑容量也处于白人与黑人之间。

楼主 应该的应该的不  发布于 2017-08-30 19:43:00 +0800 CST  
Assuming for the time, at least, the single origin of all New-World peoples, we may now turn to the question in which all are interested, viz., the relation of the Indian to mankind in general. As has often been stated, the affinities of New World man are with Mongolians and, to a less marked degree, with Polynesians. With the former we have close parallels in hair, form of eye, breadth of face, and bodily proportions. With the Polynesians, the agreements are chiefly in pigmentation and to some extent, in the hair. Hrdlicka[25] has formulated a convenient statement of the problem, which may serve as our point of departure


The conclusions, therefore, are: the American natives represent in the main a single stem or strain of people, one homotype; this stem is identical with that of the yellow-brown races of Asia and Polynesia; and the main immigration of the Americans has taken place, in the main, at least, gradually and by the northwestern route in the earlier part of the recent period, after man had reached a relatively high stage of physical development and multiple secondary differentiations. The immigration, in all probability, was a dribbling and prolonged overflow, likely due to pressure from behind, or want, and a search for better hunting and fishing grounds in the direction where no resistance of man as yet existed. This was followed by multiplication, spread, and numerous minor differentiations of language due to isolation and other natural conditions, and by the development, on the basis of what was transported, of more or less localized American cultures. It is also probable that the western coast of America, within the last 2,000 years, was on more than one occasion reached by small parties of Polynesians, and that the eastern coast was similarly reached by small groups of whites, and that such parties may have locally influenced the culture of the Americans; but such accretions have nowhere, as far as we know to-day, modified the native population.






他们主要类似(亚洲)蒙古人种,比如头发、眼睛形状、脸的宽度。与波人也有些类似,主要是在pigmentation 方面。一定程度上,也在头发方面。
有人认为,印第安人来自亚洲、波利尼西亚亚的棕黄色人种。主要来自西北方向。近2000年内,可能有波人来到西海岸,白人来到东海岸。

楼主 应该的应该的不  发布于 2017-08-30 20:10:00 +0800 CST  
是节选。汉语省略了很多内容,并不是完全精确的翻译,只是大致情况,重点突出体质描述部分。

楼主 应该的应该的不  发布于 2017-08-30 23:32:00 +0800 CST  

楼主:应该的应该的不

字数:12152

发表时间:2017-08-30 23:26:00 +0800 CST

更新时间:2019-04-19 12:15:04 +0800 CST

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